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JB > MS Tissues > Flashcards

MS Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

3 main types of cartilage

A

hyaline, fibrous, elastic

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2
Q

hyaline cartilage % water?

A

70 % (of weight)

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3
Q

hyaline cartilage % collagen?

A

50% of dry weight

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4
Q

hyaline cartilage % proteoglycan?

and % chondrocytes?

A

35% dry weight

chondrocytes make up ~ 2%-10% of articular cartilage by volume

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5
Q

What content allows hyaline cartilage to be flexible?

A

proteoglycans

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6
Q

all connective tissues made of what 3 components? (classical description)

A

cells, extracellular fibers, ground substance (Classically described this way). A contemporary view: hypocellular tissues containing tissue-specific mesenchymal cells within a specialized extracellular matrix

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7
Q

major fibrous component synthesized by connective tissue cells?

A

collagen (90% dry weight of dense fibrous tissue eg. tendons or ligaments

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8
Q

major function collagen?

A

provides tensile strength

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9
Q

how many different types of collagen?

A

28 (tobias)

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10
Q

Describe the structure of collagen

A

3 coiled polypeptide chains = alpha chains, which twist around each other in a triple helix configuration –> Hallmark of collagen molecule

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11
Q

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

A

Type I

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12
Q

Where is type I collagen found?

A

skin, bone, tendon, ligament

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13
Q

where is type II collagen found?

A

cartilage, nucleus pulposus and vitreous humor

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14
Q

In addition to collagen, other main fibrous component of connective tissue matrix

A

elastin

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15
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

a protein core to which glycosaminoglycans are attached

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16
Q

Proteoglycans provide….?

A

resilience and flexibility; hydrophilic

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17
Q

What is hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan)?

A

A nonpeptide, conjugated, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan consisting of repeating units of D-glucuronic acid and D-glucosamine

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18
Q

mineral found in bone matrix is an analogue of the naturally occurring mineral called what?

A

hydroxyapatite- Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2; 20-40 nm diameter

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19
Q

what 3 hormones regulate serum concentrations of mineral ions?

A

PTH, calcitonin, Vitamin D

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20
Q

Function of PTH?

A

increases serum Ca levels

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21
Q

Where does PTH act?

A

kidney, gut, bone

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22
Q

PTH also acts on kidneys to ______ phosphate reabsorption

A

decrease

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23
Q

Two major classes of GAGs?

A

1.) Glucosaminoglycans (heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate) contain D-glucosamine & 2.) Galactosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate)contain D-galactosamine.

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24
Q

microscopic appearance of collagen?

A

discrete fibers with banded pattern (look kind of like multiple herringbone necklaces lined up parallel to one another in pic)-This is only the Fibrillar collagens (I, II, III, and others)

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25
Q

structures of the MS system are predominantly of ________ origin (think embryogenesis); what is one exception

A

mesodermal; exception is nucleus pulposus

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26
Q

nucleus pulposus = ______ origin

A

neuroectodermal (notochordal) origin

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27
Q

Two major families of proteoglycans?

A

Large aggregating proteoglycans and small leucine rich proteoglycan family

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28
Q

Aggregating proteoglycans include:

And are also classified as small or large

A

Aggrecan and versican

Large

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29
Q

Leucine-rich proteoglycans include:

And are also classified as large or small

A

biglycan, decorin, fibromodulin, and lumican

Small

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30
Q

The 2 most common GAG’s in articular cartilage?

A

keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate

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31
Q

Most abundant GAG in the body?

A

Chondroitin sulfate

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32
Q

This GAG is distinguished from chondroitin sulfate by the presence of iduronic acid

A

Dermatan sulfate

33
Q

Most negatively charged GAG

A

Heparan sulfate

34
Q

Keratan sulfate is a GAG that is prevalent in what two tissues?

A

bone and cartilage

35
Q

Nonsulfated GAG?

A

Hyaluronic acid

36
Q

Elastic fibers (composed mainly of elastin) make of a majority of the ______ ligament

A

nuchal ligament

37
Q

Elastogenesis is reactivated during what phase of tissue injury?

A

reparative

38
Q

Elastogenesis can be induced by ?

A

sustained mechanical stress (ie distraction osteogenesis

39
Q

Elastic fibers can undergo remarkable elastic deformation or strain of approximately ___% of their resting length, with a maximum extension of ____% before loss of strength.

A

70%, 220%

40
Q

Elastin has a relatively low modulus of elasticity (____ to ____ kPa) compared with that of type I collagen ( ____kPa)

A

300 to 600 kPa; 10^6 kPa

41
Q

What is fibronectin? Why is it an important part of the extracellular matrix?

A

a large multidomain glycoprotein that is important for cell adhesion (functions as a scaffold for the deposition of other structures (eg. elastin, collagen, etc)

42
Q

Bone occurs primarily in these 2 forms:

A

1-cortical, compact, osteonal bone

2-trabecular, cancellous, spongy bone

43
Q

Describe the cortical, compact, osteonal bone

A

Longitudinally oriented, over-lapping, cylindrical Haversian units that are made up of a central Volkmann’s canal surrounded by concentrically arranged bone lamellae

44
Q

Describe the trabecular, cancellous, spongy bone

A

thin interconnected rods, plates, and struts called trabeculae

45
Q

components of periosteum

A

bone-lining cells, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts; also rich in type I collagen, along with a variety of proteoglycans and appreciable quantities of elastin

46
Q

Collagen in bone is mostly Type __?

A

Type I with minor amounts of III and V

47
Q

Collagen fibrils form the basic scaffold upon which mineralization (of bone) occurs; however, nucleation of mineral crystals is not promoted by collagen but requires the presence of what other matrix proteins?

A

bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and ALP

48
Q

The ability of bone to remodel adaptively in response to mechanical load = aka ______’s Law

A

Wolff’s Law

49
Q

What are Volkmann canals?

A

From the periosteal and endosteal surfaces, vascular channels called Volkmann’s canals enter the bone at right angles and connect with the haversian canals

50
Q

What are Haversian canals?

A

A haversian system (osteon) is composed of 4 - 20 lamellae arranged around a vascular channel (haversian canal). Haversian canals generally run longitudinally, but they can bend and form anastomoses with other haversian canals

51
Q

What type of cell is in Howship’s lacunae?

A

osteoclasts

52
Q

Name the 4 zones of hyaline cartilage

A

tangential zone, transitional zone, radial zone, calcified zone

53
Q

The calcified zone is separated from the radial zone by a wavy, irregular bluish line (H&E) called the ______?

A

tidemark

54
Q

Mineral composition of bone? % citrate? %carbonate?

A

Living bone is 5 to 10% water and 70 % mineral. Remaining 20-25% is the organic matrix, which is 90% collagen. Bone mineral is primarily hydroxyl appatite (Ca and PO4 and OH) combined with “small amounts” of other minerals, including carbonate, magnesium, acid phosphate, and other trace impurities. Tobias does not give percentage of these other minerals.

55
Q

Zone I: Tangential zone

A

highest cell density; gliding zone in which the cells are somewhat flattened with their long axis parallel to the articular surface.

56
Q

Zone II: Transitional zone

A

cells are round or ovoid and appear randomly distributed.

57
Q

Zone III: Radial zone

A

cells are larger and are arranged with their long axes approximately perpendicular to the surface

58
Q

Zone IV: Calcified zone

A

matrix is heavily infiltrated with hydroxyapatite and is firmly attached to the subchondral bone

59
Q

collagen turn over in the dog

A

120 years

60
Q

What is Aggrecan?

A

the major proteoglycan in articular cartilage; rich in chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate side chains

61
Q

The large core protein of aggrecan has a molecular weight of ~____kDa.

A

240 kDa

62
Q

Isolated aggrecan monomers are heterogenous in size and are made up of ~ __% carbohydrate.

A

90%

63
Q

Fibrocartilage consists of chondrocytic cells and is rich in Type __ collagen, but contains relatively small quantities of ___________ (relative to other forms of cartilage)

A

Type I; small quantities of proteoglycans

64
Q

Refractile lines that distinctly separate haversian systems from the interstitial systems are the “_____________”.

A

Refractile lines that distinctly separate haversian systems from the interstitial systems are the “cement lines”.

65
Q

Methods of treating cartilage defects surgically from Thiede/VCOT 2012 review article; FOR SMALL DEFECTS

A

Debridement, microfracture, radio frequency, and chondrocyte implantation

66
Q

Methods of treating cartilage defects surgically from Thiede/VCOT 2012 review article; FOR LARGE DEFECTS

A

Scaffolds and mosaicplasty

67
Q

Radio frequency energy: used to melt and remove fibrillated tissue & produce a smooth articular surface. Principle?

A

ionic current density produces molecular friction in the tissue that results in tissue heating.

68
Q

Microfracture: perforation of subchondral
plate to allow access to the marrow elements and the potential for the formation of a blood clot to form in
the chondral defect. What does the blood clot serve as and/or provide?

A

provides a scaffold containing growth factors

and cytokines.

69
Q

Microfracture: Progenitor cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, entering
an avascular cartilage defect differentiate
into __________-producing cells, and fill
the defect.

A

fibrocartilage-producing cells

70
Q

The blood clot usually induces healing by forming what kind of repair tissue?

A

fibrous or fibrocartilaginous

71
Q

What is mosaicplasty?

A

used to treat full thickness defects;involves the removal cylindrical plugs of osteochondral tissue from the articular cartilage of NWB regions. Plugs are inserted into the full-thickness defect

72
Q

What is multiple cartilaginous exostoses (MCE)?

A

a benign bone dz of unknown origin w/ multiple, cartilage-capped bony protuberances that arise from the surfaces of any bone formed by endochondral ossification (aka chondroma, osteochondramatosis)

73
Q

How does MCE manifest in dogs vs. cats?

A

dogs-young, growing patients; lesions appear and enlarge during endochodral bone formation. Cats-appears after skeletal maturity

74
Q

T or F? It has been documented that MCE can undergo malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma or OSA.

A

True

75
Q

MCE has been associated with what kind of virus in cats?

A

FLV

76
Q

MCE may result from focal or complete failure of the perichondrial RING of ????

A

Lacroix

77
Q

What is the ring of Lacroix?

A

the peripheral constraint of the growth plate

78
Q

Differential diagnoses for MCE?

A

osteomyelitis, neoplasia, disseminated idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, hypervitaminosis A, skeletal coccidioidomycosis, and bone cyst

JB (38 decks)

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