The Structure & Function of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer

Question 2

Polymerization

Answer 2

Any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer via dehydration synthesis

Question 3

Carbohydrates

Answer 3

Any of a large group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose, that has energetic and structural roles. Contains hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and used as structural materials and for energy storage within living tissues.

Question 4

Sugars (saccharides)

Answer 4

As a chemical term, “sugar” usually refers to all carbohydrates of the general formula Cn(H2O)n. Sucrose is a disaccharide, or double sugar, being composed of one molecule of glucose linked to one molecule of fructose.

Question 5

Polysaccharides

Answer 5

A large carbohydrate molecule. It contains many small sugar molecules that are joined chemically. Also called glycan. Can be either alpha or beta bonded.

Question 6

Starch ( a, branched, digestible)

Answer 6

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined together by glycosidic linkages.

Question 7

Cellulose ( b, H-bonds, stacking )

Answer 7

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by ẞ glycosidic linkages.

Question 8

Energy storage & structural

Answer 8

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, are the most common long-term energy storage molecules in cells.

Question 9

Lipids

Answer 9

Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.

Question 10

Fatty Acids + glycerol (tricarboxylic acids)

Answer 10

A tricarboxylic acid is an organic carboxylic acid whose chemical structure contains three carboxyl functional groups (-COOH). The best-known example of a tricarboxylic acid is citric acid.

Question 11

Saturation

Answer 11

A.) Saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can’t dissolve more of that substance.

B.) Removing a hydrogen molecule from a saturated fat makes it unsaturated.

Question 12

Cis vs trans

Answer 12

cis - H on same side of double bond
trans - H on opposing sides of double bond

Question 13

Fats vs Oils

Answer 13

Fats: Solid at room temp

Oils: Liquid at room temp

Question 14

Steroids/cholesterol

Answer 14

Cholesterol is a steroid because it shares the chemical structure of four fused carbon rings with other steroids.

Question 15

What make up cell membranes?

Answer 15

Consists of lipids (phospholipids) and proteins + cholesterol

Question 16

Proteins

Answer 16

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

Question 17

Amino Acids

Answer 17

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.

Question 18

Amide bond

Answer 18

Between a carbonyl and amine group
Peptide bond

Question 19

Primary: sequence

Answer 19

Primary structure of protein is a sequence of amino acids

Question 20

Secondary: a helix, b pleated sheet

Answer 20

Based on hydrogen bonding patterns about the peptide bonds.

Question 21

Tertiary/quaternary shape

Answer 21

Based upon bonding of R groups to R groups and or to the backbone

Question 22

Enzyme

Answer 22

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.

Question 23

Receptor

Answer 23

A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell.

Question 24

Nucleic acids (RNA, DNA)

Answer 24

A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.

Question 25

Nucleotides: A, C, G, T, U

Answer 25

Dennis base Dennis base. That’s fine. Nitrogenous base plus sugar plus phosphate

(This was voice to text from Prof Wayne, ignore the first line, I kept it because it’s funny)

Question 26

Ribose

Answer 26

The sugar component of RNA Nucleotides

Question 27

Deoxyribose

Answer 27

The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.

Question 28

Hydrogen Bonding (G-C, A-T)

Answer 28

Between highly EN O, N, & H

Question 29

DNA Helix

Answer 29

Right handed double helix structure of DNA

Question 30

The central dogma of molecular biology

Answer 30

DNA 👉RNA👉Protein

Question 31

Glucose + Glucose

Answer 31

Maltose

Question 32

Galactose + Glucose

Answer 32

Lactose

Question 33

Glucose + Fructose

Answer 33

Sucrose

Question 34

Glycerol+ 3 Fatty Acids

Answer 34

Fats
Triglycerides
Has Ester Linkages which is specific to fats

Question 35

R Group

Answer 35

Representation of functional group

Question 36

Are polar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 36

Hydrophilic

Question 37

Are non-polar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 37

Hydrophobic

Question 38

Are charged side chains hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

Answer 38

Hydrophilic

Question 39

Pyrimidines

Answer 39

Single ring sugars

Question 40

Purines

Answer 40

Double ring sugars