The Chemical Context of Life Flashcards
Matter
Anything that’s takes up space and has mass
Atoms
The smallest unit of matter that maintains the properties of an element
Element
Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions.
Molecules
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Mass
Mass is a scientific term used to describe the density and type of atoms in any given object
Measurement of an amount of matter
Kg
Weight
W=MG
Gravity’s exerted force upon mass
Density
The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
D=M÷V
Periodic Table
A table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns.
What are the core elements of life?
C H O N
Temperature vs Heat
Heat is the total energy of the motion of the molecules of a substance, whereas temperature refers to the measure of the average energy of the motions of the molecules in the substance.
Metric system
International system of measurement
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that maintains the properties of an element.
Proton
A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 x 100 g, found in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutron
A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral), with a mass of about 1.7 x 10☐☐☐ g, found in the nucleus of an atom.
Electron
A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic Mass
The total mass of an atom
Gram equivalent of atomic mass=molar mass.
(For an element with more than one isotope, the atomic mass is the average mass of the naturally occurring isotopes, weighted by their abundance.)
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript.
Isotopes
One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass.
Average Atomic Mass
The weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element.
Radiation
Energy released in the form of particle or electromagnetic waves.
Bohr Model
The Bohr Model is a structural model of an atom. The model was proposed by physicist Niels Bohr in 1913.
Lewis Dot Diagram
A Lewis Structure is a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule
Mole
The SI unit of amount of substance of a chemical system that contains as many elementary unit as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. Symbol: mol.
Avogadro’s Number
The number of units in one mole of any substance (defined as its molecular weight in grams), equal to 6.02214076 × 10E23.
Molecular Mass
The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular mass
Quantum (orbital) theory
A conceptual extension of the orbital model, which was so successfully applied to atomic structure.
S & P
Electronegativity
The attraction of a given atom for the electrons
Valence (octet rule)
Tendency of an atom to complete outer most shell
Most stable when outermost shell is full.
Bond
a force of attraction between atoms or ions.
Ionic Bond
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Form between atoms with extreme differences in EN
Ion
An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
Covalent Bond
A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
Closer in EN diff, little to no diff
Polarity
A lack of symmetry; uneven sharing between electrons in covalent bond
Non-polar
No positive or negative poles formed in the molecule. Atoms that have a similar value of electronegativity
Hydrogen Bond (O, N, F with H only)
a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
EN atoms are O & N
Shapes?
Shape of molecule is based on organism of electrons’ forces upon each other
