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Neurology > The structure and function of the descending tract Part 2 > Flashcards

The structure and function of the descending tract Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the tracts run to that have control of the limb muscles

A

Extends for several segments
Distal part of the ventral horn
Cervical and lumbosacral
Distal part of the limb

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2
Q

Where do the lower motor neurons reside?

A

Ventral horn of the spinal cord

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3
Q

Lower motor neurons that innervates the axial musculature reside where in the spinal cord?

A

Medial part of the ventral horn

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4
Q

Lower motor neurons that innervates the limb muscles reside where in the spinal cord?

A

Lateral part the ventral horn- distal limb muscles

Medial part of ventral horn- proximal muscles

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5
Q

Where do the upper motor neurons reside for the limb muscle neurons and how do they connect to the lower motor neurons

A

Lateral motor systems

synapse onto the lateral portion of the ventral horn

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6
Q

Why is it important for the column/ tract to extend for several segments?

A

Enable movement for different muscles that connect the same limb

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7
Q

Where do the upper motor neurons reside for the axial musculature neurons and how do they connect to the lower motor neurons

A

Medial motor systems

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8
Q

How is posture and balance maintained

A

Interneurons enable bilateral innervation of both sides of the body

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9
Q

What are the major groups of the descending major pathways

A

Lateral pathways

Medial pathways

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10
Q

What are the tracts in the lateral pathways

A

Lateral corticospinal tract
Lateral rubrospinal
reticulospinal tract

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11
Q

What are the tracts in the medial pathways

A 
Anterior corticospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Medial reticulospinal tract
Lateral vestibulospinal tract 
Medial vestibulospinal tract
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12
Q

What do the Lateral pathways control?

A

Control proximal and distal muscles

responsible for most voluntary movements of arms and legs

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13
Q

What do the medial pathways control?

A

Control axial muscles

control anti-gravity muscles

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14
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

A

Controls muscles of distal limbs and trunk

Essential for fine motor movements

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15
Q

What is the corticospinal tract also known as? Why?

A

Pyramidal tract

Forms medullary pyramids

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16
Q

What is structrally special about corticopsinal tract?

A

Longest and largest descending tract

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17
Q

Where from and to does the corticospinal tract go?

A

Motor cortex to spinal cord

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18
Q

What happens to neurons at a point in the corticospinal tract

A

Decussation at medulla-spinal cord junction

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19
Q

What percentage of the corticospinal tract is decussated?

A

85%

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20
Q

What are the decussated regions of the corticospinal tract called?

A

Lateral corticospinal

21
Q

What is the undecussated regions of the corticospinal tract known as and called?

A

Ipsilateral

Anterior corticospinal tract

22
Q

What is the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Controls muscles of distal limbs

Responsible for most voluntary
movements of arms and legs

Fine movernent of contralateral limbs

23
Q

What is the function of the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

Controls trunk muscles

Responsible for maintaining posture

24
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract innervate?

A

Lateral lower neurons

25
Q

What does the anterior corticospinal tract innervate?

A

Anterior lower neurons

26
Q

Where does the decussation take place for the lateral corticospinal tract? What does this allow

A

medulla

It do to its function

27
Q

Where does the decussation take place for the anterior corticospinal tract? What does this allow

A

At the spinal cord
provide contralateral innervation but also ipsilateral innovation
enable bilateral control

28
Q

Where to and from does the corticonuclear tract go?

A

Motor cortex to brain stem nuclei

29
Q

What does the corticonuclear tract innervate?

A

Cranial nerves

30
Q

Which nuclei do not receive bilateral innervation from cortex

A

facial motor nucleus

hypoglossal nucleus

31
Q

What are the extrapyramidal pathways?

A

Rubrospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

32
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate in

A

Red nucleus (brainstem)

33
Q

Where does the Vestibulospinal tract originate in

A

Vestibular nucleus

34
Q

Where does the Tectospinal tract originate in

A

Superior colliculus in midbrain

35
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract and what does this do?

A

Controls muscles of neck, trunk and some leg muscles

Maintains upright posture and head stabilisation

36
Q

What does the testospinal tract innervate

A

Innervate contralateral motor neurons controlling head position

37
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract

A

Responsible for regulation of flexor muscles (upper limb flexion)

38
Q

How do sizes of the rubrospinal tract vary in organisms?

A

Small in humans, larger in other animals (lateral pathway)

39
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate from

A

Reticular formation (pons and medulla)

40
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract innervate

A

Innervate interneurons affecting corticospinal tract

41
Q

What are the types of reticulospinal tract

A

Medullary reticulospinal tract

Pontine reticulospinal tract

42
Q

What is the innervation of the medullary reticulospinal tract

A

Bilateral innervation of flexor motor neurons

43
Q

What is the innervation of the pontine reticulospinal tract

A

Ipsilateral innervation of extensor motor neurons

44
Q

What can damage to the reticulospinal tract lead to?

A

Spasticity continuos contractions

45
Q

What is the rubrospinal tract’s role in animals

A

predominant lateral spinal pathway

46
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract take its sensory information from?

A

eyes and visual cortex

47
Q

What does the tectospinal tract do?

A

enables us to coordinate eye and head movement together with maintaining posture through voluntary movement but also in response to visual and auditory stimuli as part of the tectospinal reflex

48
Q

What is the role of the reticulospinal tracts

A

regulating breathing and heart rate and alertness as well as movement
aid posture
influence muscle tone
Modulates voluntary movements, aids locomotion

Neurology (14 decks)

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