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Neurology > Brain formation and fluids > Flashcards

Brain formation and fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the prosencephalon?

A

Cerebrum/ cerebral hemispheres
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What makes up the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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3
Q

What makes up the telencephalon?

A

Cerebrum/ cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

What makes up the rhombencephalon?

A

Pons and cerebellum

Medulla

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5
Q

What makes up the metencephalon?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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6
Q

What makes up the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla

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7
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

When does the nervous system develop

A

Early in embryonic life - 3rd week human

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9
Q

Where does the nervous system develop from?

A

Ectodermal layer

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10
Q

How does the nervous system develop?

A

From the neural plate a neural groove develops
Neural cells proliferate and form a neural tube
Neural tube forms the spinal cord
At the cephalic end swells to form brain
Neural fold on either end fuse together and pores are formed on either end
Anteroir neuropores
Posterior neuropores
Both need to close by day 25/27

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11
Q

What is the defect for anterior neuropore not closing?

A

Anencephaly

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12
Q

What causes Anencephaly

A

anterior neuropore not closing

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13
Q

What is Anencephaly

A

Brain not developing

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14
Q

What is the defect for posterior neuropore not closing?

A

Spina bifida

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15
Q

What is Spina bifida

A

Abnormal Growth in limbs of the body

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16
Q

What causes Spina bifida

A

posterior neuropore not closing

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17
Q

What can stop neuropore defects

A

Folic acid

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18
Q

How is is the spinal cord and vertebra developed at 3 moths

A

the spinal cord extends the entire length of the embryo. Same length as the vertebrae and spinaI nerves pass through the intervertebral foramina at their level of origin.

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19
Q

What happens to the spinal cord and vertebrae over time after 3 months? why?

A

Spinal cord has to travel to a much lower level of the spinal cord
Vertebral column grows more rapidly than the spinal cord

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20
Q

What are the clinical advantages of the state of the vertebral column and spinal cord

A

Epidural anaestesia

Lumbar Punture

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21
Q

How does the brain develop aFter neural tube is fused together

A 
Anterior neuropore closes 
Brain develops into the three primary brain vesicles:
Prosencephalon develops into forebrain
Mesencephalon develops into midbrain
Rhombencephalon develops into hindbrain
After 3 weeks- primary vesicles become the 5 secondary brain vesicles
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
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22
Q

What is the ventricular system and where is each part developed?
(which secondary brain vesicle)

A

Lateral ventricles- telencephalon
Third ventricle- diencephalon
Aqueduct of sylvius- mesencephalon
Fourth ventricle- hindbrain/ rhonbencephalon

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23
Q

Draw what the ventricles look like in the embryo

A

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/embryologyofbrain-090516235451-phpapp01/95/embryology-of-brain-12-728.jpg?cb=1248269296

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24
Q

What is the ventricular system made of?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

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25
Q

How are neurones developed?

A 
At birth - maximum amount of neurons
Brain doubles in size in first year
By age 3- 80 percent of adult volme
Synapses formed faster in the 3 years than any other time
Pruning occurs in childhood
26
Q

What is pruning

A

Elimination of the synapses that aren’t required

27
Q

Where do neurones continue to generate after childhood ?

A

In
Subventriclular zone
Gyrus of the hippocampus

28
Q

What are the meninges and spaces of the brain form the closest to the brain outwards

A 
Pia mater
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Subdural space
Dura mater
29
Q

What are the layers of the dura mater

A

Superficial - endosteal( periostreal) layer

Deep layer - meningeal layer- duramater proper

30
Q

Where are the layers of the dura mater placed?

A

Superficial- Continues with periosteum outside of skull at foramina and not continuos wirth dura of spinal cord

Deep- continuous with dura of the spinal cord

31
Q

How do the layers of the dura mater interact?

A

They are normally close together but except when meningeal layer dips down into brain fissures and form falx cerebri

32
Q

What is falx cerebri

A

Vertical fold lying in the mid line between the two hemispheres - in longitudinal fissure

33
Q

What is tentorium cerebelli

A

Fold lying above the cerebellum and below the cerebrum

Roofs over the posterior cranial fossa

34
Q

What is the tentorial notch

A

Opening in the tentorium over the posterior cranial fossa

35
Q

What is the tentorial notch for?

A

Allows the midbrain to pass through the tentorium

Note- tentorial herniation

36
Q

What is in the subarachnoid space

A

cerebral spinal fluid

37
Q

What do arachnoid villi fo

A

One way valves

Allow cerebral spinal fluid to drain into sinuses and then venous sytem

38
Q

What causes headaches why?

A

Stretching and irritation of the meninges or the blood vessels
Not brain as it has no pain receptors

39
Q

What causes bacteria meningitis?

A

inflammation (most commonly) due to streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitides.
Immune response leads to cerebral oedema (build up of fluid) and increase in internal pressure — leads to herniation and reduced blood supply.
Definitive diagnosis by CSF examination (lumbar puncture) — high ) white cells, high protein, low glucose

40
Q

What secretes cerebral spinal fluid

A

Choroid plexus tissue

41
Q

What is the function of cerebral spinal fluid?

A

Removes waste products
Transports signalling molecules
Renders the brain buoyant (reducing effective weight to — 50g)
Supports. cushions and evenly distributes pressure on the brain

42
Q

What is the choroid plexus

A

Network of capillaries separated from the ventricles by choroid epithelial cells

43
Q

What can cause problems with cerebral spinal fluid and why?/

A

CSF continuously produced

Blockages in circulation, drainage or excess production cause increase in intracranial pressure

44
Q

In the brain where are blockages most likely to occur?

A

Interventricular foramen

Cerebral aqueduct

45
Q

What do blockages causing intercranial pressure cause in adults and children?

A

Newborn- ventricular and skull dialation
Adults — (cranial cavity is closed) — headaches, vomiting, nausea, bradycardia, increase blood pressure, loss of consciousness, brain stem dysfunction

46
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Expansion of the skull

thinning of the brain as brain doesn’t expand

47
Q

How can blockages causing intercranial pressure be treated?

A

Can be treated by a shunt to remove excess fluid

Blockage can be caused by a tumour-removing/shrinking tumour relieves pressure

48
Q

What is the blood- brain barrier

A

A barrier between the capillaries and the brain

49
Q

How is the blood- brain barrier formed?

A

Endothelial cells and tight junctions with basement membrane

50
Q

What surrounds the blood- brain barrier that is in the brain?

A

Astrocytes

51
Q

What is the function of astrocytes

A

Regulating blood flow
regulating blood- brain barrier
Regulating blood flow within capillaries

52
Q

What are the pathways across the blood brain barrier?

A 
paracellular pathway 
transcellular lipid pathway
Some substances use transport proteins to get across endothelial cells 
Receptor-mediated transcytosis
Adsorptive transcytosis
53
Q

What substances use transport proteins?

A

glucose
amino acids
nucleosides

54
Q

What substances use adsorptive transcytosis?

A

Albumin

55
Q

What is the paracellular pathway

A

go straight across in plasma through tight junction

56
Q

What is the transcellular lipid pathway

A

pass across the endothelial cells not tight junction

57
Q

What is the Receptor-mediated transcytosis

A

bind to receptor, receptor internalised and transported to the other side

58
Q

What is the adsorptive transcytosis

A

cell membrane envelop substance into vesicle and then released to the other side

59
Q

What uses the paracellular pathway

A

Water soluble agents

60
Q

What uses the transcellular lipid pathway

A

Lipid soluble

61
Q

What uses the adsorptive transcytosis

A

Plasma proteins

Neurology (14 decks)

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