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Brain formation and fluids Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the prosencephalon?

A

Cerebrum/ cerebral hemispheres
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What makes up the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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3
Q

What makes up the telencephalon?

A

Cerebrum/ cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

What makes up the rhombencephalon?

A

Pons and cerebellum

Medulla

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5
Q

What makes up the metencephalon?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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6
Q

What makes up the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla

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7
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

When does the nervous system develop

A

Early in embryonic life - 3rd week human

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9
Q

Where does the nervous system develop from?

A

Ectodermal layer

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10
Q

How does the nervous system develop?

A

From the neural plate a neural groove develops
Neural cells proliferate and form a neural tube
Neural tube forms the spinal cord
At the cephalic end swells to form brain
Neural fold on either end fuse together and pores are formed on either end
Anteroir neuropores
Posterior neuropores
Both need to close by day 25/27

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11
Q

What is the defect for anterior neuropore not closing?

A

Anencephaly

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12
Q

What causes Anencephaly

A

anterior neuropore not closing

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13
Q

What is Anencephaly

A

Brain not developing

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14
Q

What is the defect for posterior neuropore not closing?

A

Spina bifida

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15
Q

What is Spina bifida

A

Abnormal Growth in limbs of the body

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16
Q

What causes Spina bifida

A

posterior neuropore not closing

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17
Q

What can stop neuropore defects

A

Folic acid

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18
Q

How is is the spinal cord and vertebra developed at 3 moths

A

the spinal cord extends the entire length of the embryo. Same length as the vertebrae and spinaI nerves pass through the intervertebral foramina at their level of origin.

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19
Q

What happens to the spinal cord and vertebrae over time after 3 months? why?

A

Spinal cord has to travel to a much lower level of the spinal cord
Vertebral column grows more rapidly than the spinal cord

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20
Q

What are the clinical advantages of the state of the vertebral column and spinal cord

A

Epidural anaestesia

Lumbar Punture

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21
Q

How does the brain develop aFter neural tube is fused together

A 
Anterior neuropore closes 
Brain develops into the three primary brain vesicles:
Prosencephalon develops into forebrain
Mesencephalon develops into midbrain
Rhombencephalon develops into hindbrain
After 3 weeks- primary vesicles become the 5 secondary brain vesicles
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
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22
Q

What is the ventricular system and where is each part developed?
(which secondary brain vesicle)

A

Lateral ventricles- telencephalon
Third ventricle- diencephalon
Aqueduct of sylvius- mesencephalon
Fourth ventricle- hindbrain/ rhonbencephalon

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23
Q

Draw what the ventricles look like in the embryo

A

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/embryologyofbrain-090516235451-phpapp01/95/embryology-of-brain-12-728.jpg?cb=1248269296

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24
Q

What is the ventricular system made of?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

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25
How are neurones developed?
``` At birth - maximum amount of neurons Brain doubles in size in first year By age 3- 80 percent of adult volme Synapses formed faster in the 3 years than any other time Pruning occurs in childhood ```
26
What is pruning
Elimination of the synapses that aren't required
27
Where do neurones continue to generate after childhood ?
In Subventriclular zone Gyrus of the hippocampus
28
What are the meninges and spaces of the brain form the closest to the brain outwards
``` Pia mater Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Subdural space Dura mater ```
29
What are the layers of the dura mater
Superficial - endosteal( periostreal) layer | Deep layer - meningeal layer- duramater proper
30
Where are the layers of the dura mater placed?
Superficial- Continues with periosteum outside of skull at foramina and not continuos wirth dura of spinal cord Deep- continuous with dura of the spinal cord
31
How do the layers of the dura mater interact?
They are normally close together but except when meningeal layer dips down into brain fissures and form falx cerebri
32
What is falx cerebri
Vertical fold lying in the mid line between the two hemispheres - in longitudinal fissure
33
What is tentorium cerebelli
Fold lying above the cerebellum and below the cerebrum | Roofs over the posterior cranial fossa
34
What is the tentorial notch
Opening in the tentorium over the posterior cranial fossa
35
What is the tentorial notch for?
Allows the midbrain to pass through the tentorium | Note- tentorial herniation
36
What is in the subarachnoid space
cerebral spinal fluid
37
What do arachnoid villi fo
One way valves | Allow cerebral spinal fluid to drain into sinuses and then venous sytem
38
What causes headaches why?
Stretching and irritation of the meninges or the blood vessels Not brain as it has no pain receptors
39
What causes bacteria meningitis?
inflammation (most commonly) due to streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitides. Immune response leads to cerebral oedema (build up of fluid) and increase in internal pressure — leads to herniation and reduced blood supply. Definitive diagnosis by CSF examination (lumbar puncture) — high ) white cells, high protein, low glucose
40
What secretes cerebral spinal fluid
Choroid plexus tissue
41
What is the function of cerebral spinal fluid?
Removes waste products Transports signalling molecules Renders the brain buoyant (reducing effective weight to — 50g) Supports. cushions and evenly distributes pressure on the brain
42
What is the choroid plexus
Network of capillaries separated from the ventricles by choroid epithelial cells
43
What can cause problems with cerebral spinal fluid and why?/
CSF continuously produced | Blockages in circulation, drainage or excess production cause increase in intracranial pressure
44
In the brain where are blockages most likely to occur?
Interventricular foramen | Cerebral aqueduct
45
What do blockages causing intercranial pressure cause in adults and children?
Newborn- ventricular and skull dialation Adults — (cranial cavity is closed) — headaches, vomiting, nausea, bradycardia, increase blood pressure, loss of consciousness, brain stem dysfunction
46
What is hydrocephalus?
Expansion of the skull | thinning of the brain as brain doesn't expand
47
How can blockages causing intercranial pressure be treated?
Can be treated by a shunt to remove excess fluid | Blockage can be caused by a tumour-removing/shrinking tumour relieves pressure
48
What is the blood- brain barrier
A barrier between the capillaries and the brain
49
How is the blood- brain barrier formed?
Endothelial cells and tight junctions with basement membrane
50
What surrounds the blood- brain barrier that is in the brain?
Astrocytes
51
What is the function of astrocytes
Regulating blood flow regulating blood- brain barrier Regulating blood flow within capillaries
52
What are the pathways across the blood brain barrier?
``` paracellular pathway transcellular lipid pathway Some substances use transport proteins to get across endothelial cells Receptor-mediated transcytosis Adsorptive transcytosis ```
53
What substances use transport proteins?
glucose amino acids nucleosides
54
What substances use adsorptive transcytosis?
Albumin
55
What is the paracellular pathway
go straight across in plasma through tight junction
56
What is the transcellular lipid pathway
pass across the endothelial cells not tight junction
57
What is the Receptor-mediated transcytosis
bind to receptor, receptor internalised and transported to the other side
58
What is the adsorptive transcytosis
cell membrane envelop substance into vesicle and then released to the other side
59
What uses the paracellular pathway
Water soluble agents
60
What uses the transcellular lipid pathway
Lipid soluble
61
What uses the adsorptive transcytosis
Plasma proteins

Neurology (14 decks)

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