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Neurology > Structure and function of the cerebellum Part 2 > Flashcards

Structure and function of the cerebellum Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What layers is the cerebral cortex made up of?

A

outer synaptic/receptive layer (molecular layer)
intermediate discharge layer (Purkinje cell layer)
inner receptive layer (granule cell layer)

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2
Q

How are the cells in the layers of the cerebral cortex arranged?

A

In circuit

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3
Q

What cells and fibres are in the outer synaptic/receptive layer (molecular layer)

A

Parallel fibres
Basket cell
Stellate cell

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4
Q

What cells and fibres are in the intermediate discharge layer (Purkinje cell layer)

A

Purkinje cell

Climbing fibres

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5
Q

What cells and fibres are in the inner receptive layer (granule cell layer)

A

Granule cell
Golgi cell
Mossy fibres

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6
Q

Where does the Purkinje cell originate and where does it project through

A

the intermediate discharge layer (Purkinje cell layer)

Dendrite project up into molecular cell layer

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7
Q

Where do the parallel fibres originate and where does it project through

A

In granular layer

Resides in molecular layer projecting onto Purkinje cells through the Purkinje layer

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8
Q

What activates the granular cells?

A

Mossy fibres

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9
Q

Where do the mossy fibres originate and where does it project through

A

In the brain or spinal cord

In granular layer and synapse onto granule cell

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10
Q

Where do the granular cells originate and where does it project through

A

In granular layer

Resides in molecular layer projecting onto Purkinje cells through the Purkinje layer

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11
Q

What are granulosa cells

A

Glutamatergic interneurons

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12
Q

What do granulosa cells release

A

Glutamate excitatory neurotransmitter

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13
Q

Where does information collated in the Purkinje fibres go?

A

Purkinje cell output —› deep cerebellar nuclei thalamus —> cerebral cortex

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14
Q

What acts as a feedforward in the cerebellum

A

Mossy fibre circuitry
regulating excitability of the Purkinje fibres
regulates the stimulation or input into the deep cerebellar nuclei

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15
Q

What acts as a feedback in the cerebellum

A

Climbing fibre circuitry

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16
Q

What is faster, the feedforward or feedback in the cerebellum

A

faster

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17
Q

Why is the feedforward in the cerebellum complicated

A

requires error prediction of the stimulus and delay responses appropriately
correcting the initial output to the deep nuclei before that output has happened
enables appropriate movement

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18
Q

What is the function of the feedback in the cerebellum

A

error correction

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19
Q

What are the nuclei in the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

dentate nucleus
globose and emboliform nuclei
fastigial nucleus

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20
Q

What is the path that information from the lateral hemisphere takes

A

Lateral hemispheric cortex —›DENTATE NUCLEUS —› sup. peduncle —›cerebral cortex (via thalamus).

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21
Q

What is the path that information from the paravermal cortex takes

A

Paravermal cortex —›GLOBOSE & EMBOLIFORM NUCLEI —›sup, peduncle—› red nucleus—› Lateral descending pathways

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22
Q

What is the path that information from the vermis takes

A

Vermis—› FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS—› inferior peduncle—› Medial descending pathways.

23
Q

What is the path that information from the flocculondular lobe takes

A

Flocculonodular lobe—› FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS—› inferior peduncle—› vestibular nuclei & reticular
formation

24
Q

What is the pathway from the lateral hemispheric cortex pathway involved in

A

Pre-programming movements,

25
Q

What does the loss of the pathway from the lateral hemispheric cortex mean?

A

loss of control (& planning) of limb movements (esp. visually guided movement)

26
Q

What is the pathway from the paravermal cortex involved in

A

motor execution

27
Q

What does the loss of the pathway from the paravermal cortex mean?

A

loss of voluntary limb movements and associated posture

28
Q

What is the pathway from the vermis involved in

A

motor execution

29
Q

What does the loss of the pathway from the vermis mean?

A

loss of voluntary limb movements and associated posture

30
Q

What is the pathway from the Flocculonodular lobe involved in

A

Control of posture & balance, eye movement co-ordination.

31
Q

What does the loss of the pathway from the Flocculonodular lobe mean?

A

loss of posture & balance and eye movement coordination

32
Q

What is the pathway from the Flocculonodular lobe called

A

vestibulocerebellum

33
Q

What is the pathway from the vermis called

A

spinocerebellum

34
Q

What is the pathway from the lateral hemispheric cortex called

A

cerebrocerebellum

35
Q

What is the pathway from the paravermal cortex called

A

Spinocerebellum

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of the cerebellar damage

A

Ataxia
Intention tremor
Dysdiadochokinesis
Hypotonia
Nystagmus
Impaired estimation of time
Impaired abstract reasoning, planning, working memory
Language processing deficits
Loss of visuospatial skills (e,g, shape perception & spatial relationships)
Attention deficits
Imagination deficits, emotional impairment, flattening of affect

37
Q

What is Ataxia

A

slow and uncoordinated voluntary movement

38
Q

What is Intention tremor

A

uncoordinated jerky movements

overshoot-dysmetria

39
Q

What is Dysdiadochokinesis

A

Inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

40
Q

What is Nystagmus

A

jerky eye movements

41
Q

What happens to information that has come from the descending motor tracts

A

transferred to purkinje cells in the cortical layer of the cerebellar cotex

42
Q

What is the structure of the Perkinje cell how is it specialised for its funtion

A

Highly branched dendrites
Recieve information fron different neighbouring cell types
Triangular cell body, single long axon

Numerous branching branching dendrites

43
Q

What is the role of the purkinhe cells?

A

Recieve inputs together and sends information back to the cortex and other brain regions
they relesae neurotransmitter that inhibit neubouring cells

44
Q

What are purkije cells

A

Inhibitory neuron

45
Q

What do purkije release

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA

46
Q

What happens if their is a loss of function for purkije cells

A

neurological diseases and the disruption of motor movement

47
Q

What do purkije cells recieve input from?

A

climbing fibres and parallel fibres

48
Q

What is the ratio of climbing fibres to purkijee cells

A

1 climbing fibre :5-10 purlikjee cell

49
Q

Where do climbing fibres come from

A

Inferior olivary nucleus

50
Q

Where do parallel fibres come from

A

granules cells

51
Q

What is the ratio of parallel fibres to purkijee cells

A

80,000-200,000 fibres: 1 purkinje cell

52
Q

Which is stronger the granule cell input or the climbing fibre input to the purkinje fibres

A

climbing fibre input

53
Q

What is the parallel fibre input known as why?

A

Simple spikes

Needs to be coordinated

54
Q

What is the climbing fibre known as

A

Complex spikes

Neurology (14 decks)

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