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Theriogenology > The Stallion > Flashcards

The Stallion Flashcards

1
Q

What % motility must sperm be to considered in puberty?

A

> 10%

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2
Q

What is the quantity of sperm in ejaculate?

A

50x10^6 sperm

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3
Q

What are 2 indicators of sexual maturity?

A
  1. Testicular size

2. Number of sperm

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4
Q

What is the most common method of sperm collection?

A

Artificial vagina

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5
Q

Name 6 things that are analysed in sperm?

A
  1. Semen volume
  2. Sperm concentration
  3. Total sperm number
  4. Motility
  5. Morphology
  6. Colour
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6
Q

Semen ____, sperm ______, total sperm _____, m______, m_____ and c___ are all methods of semen analysis.

A

Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number, motility, morphology and colour are all methods of semen analysis.

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7
Q

What 2 factors influence semen volume?

A

1, Season

2. Sexual stimulation

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8
Q

What is the pH range of semen?

A

7.2-7.9

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9
Q

What is the most accurate method of determining sperm concentration?

A

Nucleocounter

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10
Q

What are the 4 abnormalities in sperm are there?

A
  1. Head defects
  2. Midpiece defects
  3. Tail defects
  4. Cytoplasmic droplets
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11
Q

H____ defects, M_____ defects, T__ defects and C____ d___ are abnormalities in sperm

A

Head defects, midpiece defects, tail defects and cytoplasmic droplets are abnormalities in sperm.

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12
Q

What are the 2 stains used to visualise sperm?

A
  1. Eosin-nigrosin

2. Buffered formalin saline (wet mount)

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13
Q

What are the 3 examination methods to assess the testes?

A
  1. US
  2. Measurement
  3. Palpation
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14
Q

What are 2 methods used to examine internal genitals of the stallion?

A
  1. Palpation per rectum

2. Ultrasound

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15
Q

What are 2 factors that are examined to determine daily sperm output (DSO)?

A
  1. Testicular measurements

2. Number of spermatozoa produced per day

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16
Q

What 2 things are used to assess sperm quality?

A
  1. Morphology

2. Motility

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17
Q

Name 3 factors play a part in daily sperm output?

A
  1. Testis volume
  2. Age
  3. Health
  4. Season
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18
Q

What 3 bacterial venereal diseases are considered pathogenic?

A
  1. Taylorella equigenitalis
  2. Klebsiella pneumoniae
  3. Pseudomona aeroginosa
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19
Q

Is semen quality affected with EHV-3?

A

No

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20
Q

What are the 3 criteria set for a breeding soundness exam?

A
  1. No abnormalities
  2. No venereal diseases
  3. > 1x10^9 sperm in 2nd ejaculate
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21
Q

How many mares should be in a stallion’s book if AI is the preferred breeding method?

A

120-140 mares

22
Q

How many mares should be in a stallion’s book if natural breeding is done?

A

40-45 mares

23
Q

What is the minimum progressive motility for commercial AI?

24
Q

What is the minimum % of normal morphology of sperm?

25
Q

What are 2 methods of diagnosis used for equine viral arteritis?

A
  1. Viral isolation

2. Serology

26
Q

Is there a vaccine for equine viral arteritis?

27
Q

The equine viral arteritis vaccine is suitable for ____ and _____

A

The equine arteritis vaccine is suitable for mares pre-breeding and colts at 6 months.

28
Q

What is a risk factor of semen abnormalities?

A

Large testes

29
Q

What is a hallmark sign of a semen abnormalities?

A

Detached heads

30
Q

What are 2 drugs that can be given to treat a plugged ampullae?

A
  1. Prostaglandin

2. Oxytocin

31
Q

What causes penile haematoma?

A

Rupture of the tunica albuginea

32
Q

Which tranquilizer causes priapism?

A

Acepromazine

33
Q

What drug is used to treat priapism?

A

Benztropin mesylate

34
Q

What is priapism?

A

Constant erection

35
Q

What are the 3 treatment options for neoplasia?

A
  1. Surgical excision
  2. Cryotherapy
  3. Chemotherapy
36
Q

How is habronemiasis transmitted?

37
Q

What are the 2 main signs of habronemiasis?

A
  1. Granulation tissue (cauliflower)

2. Hematuria

38
Q

What does the granulation tissue resemble with habronemiasis?

A

Cauliflower

39
Q

Name 3 drugs that can be used to habronemiasis?

A
  1. Ivermectin
  2. Moxidectin
  3. Prednisone
40
Q

What can cause haematocele?

A

Trauma during breeding

41
Q

What is the main aim for treating haematocele?

A

Control inflammation

42
Q

What drugs are used to reduce inflammation caused by haematocele?

A

NSAIDs, antibiotics

43
Q

What is the most common abnormality of sexual development of a stallion?

A

Cryptorchidism

44
Q

What are the 2 types of cryptorchidism?

A
  1. Inguinal

2. Abdominal

45
Q

What is the main indicative hormone in a hormone assay to aid in diagnosis of cryptorchidism?

A

AMH hormone

46
Q

Above what rotation does vascular compromise occur with spermatic cord torsion?

A

> 180 degrees

47
Q

Above what rotation does complete vascular occlusion occur with spermatic cord torsion?

A

> 360 degrees

48
Q

What are 2 signs of spermatic cord torsion?

A
  1. Colic

2. Scrotal swelling

49
Q

Below what rotation of spermatic cord torsion is manual correction possible?

A

<360 degrees

50
Q

Above what rotation of spermatic cord torsion must manual removal of the testis be done?

A

> 360 degrees

Theriogenology (12 decks)

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