Equine Preg Problems And Dystocia Flashcards
Twins are the results of what?
Multiple ovulations
What % of mares efficiency reduce twin pregnancies?
> 80%
What treatment can be done pre fixation (<16 days)?
Embryo crush
What treatment method for twins post fixation (up to 35 days)?
Embryo crush
Transvaginal ultrasound aspiration
What is the treatment for twins after endometrial cup formations (55-110 days)?
Cranio-cervical dislocation
What is the treatment for twins after endometrial cup formation (>100 days)
Transcutaneous foetal injection
Foetal death in-utero without bacterial contamination
Foetal mummification
Foetal death in-utero and bacterial contamination
Foetal maceration
In which trimester does uterine torsion occur?
Last trimester
What is a surgical method of treatment for uterine torsion?
Standing flank laparotomy
What is hydroallantois/hydroamnion?
Accumulation of fluid
What is the normal amount of fluid in the allantois or amnion?
8-18L
What is the treatment for hydrops?
Induce parturition and supportive care.
Fescue toxicosis causes what?
Reduction of prolactin
What causes a reduction of prolactin in fescue toxicosis?
Alkaloids act as dopamine receptor agonists
What is red bag?
Placental separation prematurely. Chorioallantois fails to rupture
What are the two methods of fescue toxicosis management?
- Pasture management
2. Dopamine antagonist
What is the incidence of dystocia in mares?
1-10%
Hydrocephalus occurs in what breeds?
Pony breeds
The best prognosis for dystocia occurs before what period of time after the chorioallantoic rupture?
<60min
What 3 procedures can be conducted to deliver a a difficult birth with a live goal?
C section
Assisted vaginal delivery
Controlled vaginal delivery
When does uterine/ovarian vessel rupture occur ?
At parturition
What must be avoided in a mare with a uterine/ovarian vessel rupture?
Avoid a raise in blood pressure
Necrotic vaginitis is common in which breed of horse?
Miniature horses
What causes necrotic vaginitis?
Vaginal mucosa bruising followed by a bacterial invasion
How long post partum does RFM occur in the mare?
> 3-6 hours PP
Name 6 risk factors that may lead to RFM.
Abortion C section Twins Dystocia Placentitis Uterine inertia
What 2 drugs can be given to treat RFM?
Oxytocin
Ca gluconate
When should the Burns technique be implemented post foaling?
4-6hrs
What does the Burns technique involve?
Distension of the chorioallantoic space with isotonic fluid
After 6-12hrs post foaling, what RFM treatment should be implemented?
Antibiotics
Exercise
What type of NSAID is usually given to mares with RFM?
Flunixin meglumine
Uterine lavage is another treatment for RFM. How often should this be done and what solution is used?
1-2 times a day
Isotonic saline.
RFM can induce what other conditions?
Metritis
Septicemia
Laminitis
If a mare develops laminitis as a result of RFM, what 4 protocols should be followed?
Frog support
Ice feet
Radiographs
Extra bedding
Within how many days post foaling does metritis usually occur?
<10 days
What is the main cause of metritis in mares post partum?
Disrupted endometrium mucosa due to E. coli endotoxins
What is the major factor that increases the incidence of metritis in the mare post partum?
Traumatic foaling
What type of fluid is observed in an ultrasound of the uterus in a case of metritis?
Echogenic fluid
In a mare with post partum metritis, what is significant in a CBC?
Left shift neutropenia
In a mare with metritis, palpation per rectum reveals what?
Enlarged atonic uterus
