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Theriogenology > Equine Preg Problems And Dystocia > Flashcards

Equine Preg Problems And Dystocia Flashcards

1
Q

Twins are the results of what?

A

Multiple ovulations

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2
Q

What % of mares efficiency reduce twin pregnancies?

A

> 80%

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3
Q

What treatment can be done pre fixation (<16 days)?

A

Embryo crush

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4
Q

What treatment method for twins post fixation (up to 35 days)?

A

Embryo crush

Transvaginal ultrasound aspiration

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5
Q

What is the treatment for twins after endometrial cup formations (55-110 days)?

A

Cranio-cervical dislocation

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6
Q

What is the treatment for twins after endometrial cup formation (>100 days)

A

Transcutaneous foetal injection

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7
Q

Foetal death in-utero without bacterial contamination

A

Foetal mummification

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8
Q

Foetal death in-utero and bacterial contamination

A

Foetal maceration

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9
Q

In which trimester does uterine torsion occur?

A

Last trimester

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10
Q

What is a surgical method of treatment for uterine torsion?

A

Standing flank laparotomy

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11
Q

What is hydroallantois/hydroamnion?

A

Accumulation of fluid

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12
Q

What is the normal amount of fluid in the allantois or amnion?

A

8-18L

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13
Q

What is the treatment for hydrops?

A

Induce parturition and supportive care.

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14
Q

Fescue toxicosis causes what?

A

Reduction of prolactin

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15
Q

What causes a reduction of prolactin in fescue toxicosis?

A

Alkaloids act as dopamine receptor agonists

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16
Q

What is red bag?

A

Placental separation prematurely. Chorioallantois fails to rupture

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17
Q

What are the two methods of fescue toxicosis management?

A
  1. Pasture management

2. Dopamine antagonist

18
Q

What is the incidence of dystocia in mares?

A

1-10%

19
Q

Hydrocephalus occurs in what breeds?

A

Pony breeds

20
Q

The best prognosis for dystocia occurs before what period of time after the chorioallantoic rupture?

A

<60min

21
Q

What 3 procedures can be conducted to deliver a a difficult birth with a live goal?

A

C section
Assisted vaginal delivery
Controlled vaginal delivery

22
Q

When does uterine/ovarian vessel rupture occur ?

A

At parturition

23
Q

What must be avoided in a mare with a uterine/ovarian vessel rupture?

A

Avoid a raise in blood pressure

24
Q

Necrotic vaginitis is common in which breed of horse?

A

Miniature horses

25
Q

What causes necrotic vaginitis?

A

Vaginal mucosa bruising followed by a bacterial invasion

26
Q

How long post partum does RFM occur in the mare?

A

> 3-6 hours PP

27
Q

Name 6 risk factors that may lead to RFM.

A 
Abortion 
C section
Twins
Dystocia 
Placentitis
Uterine inertia
28
Q

What 2 drugs can be given to treat RFM?

A

Oxytocin

Ca gluconate

29
Q

When should the Burns technique be implemented post foaling?

A

4-6hrs

30
Q

What does the Burns technique involve?

A

Distension of the chorioallantoic space with isotonic fluid

31
Q

After 6-12hrs post foaling, what RFM treatment should be implemented?

A

Antibiotics

Exercise

32
Q

What type of NSAID is usually given to mares with RFM?

A

Flunixin meglumine

33
Q

Uterine lavage is another treatment for RFM. How often should this be done and what solution is used?

A

1-2 times a day

Isotonic saline.

34
Q

RFM can induce what other conditions?

A

Metritis
Septicemia
Laminitis

35
Q

If a mare develops laminitis as a result of RFM, what 4 protocols should be followed?

A

Frog support
Ice feet
Radiographs
Extra bedding

36
Q

Within how many days post foaling does metritis usually occur?

A

<10 days

37
Q

What is the main cause of metritis in mares post partum?

A

Disrupted endometrium mucosa due to E. coli endotoxins

38
Q

What is the major factor that increases the incidence of metritis in the mare post partum?

A

Traumatic foaling

39
Q

What type of fluid is observed in an ultrasound of the uterus in a case of metritis?

A

Echogenic fluid

40
Q

In a mare with post partum metritis, what is significant in a CBC?

A

Left shift neutropenia

41
Q

In a mare with metritis, palpation per rectum reveals what?

A

Enlarged atonic uterus

Theriogenology (12 decks)

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