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Theriogenology > Canine and Feline Reproductive Failures > Flashcards

Canine and Feline Reproductive Failures Flashcards

1
Q

When in lactation is hypocalcaemia usually observed in bitches?

A

Early lactation

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2
Q

What breeds is hypocalcaemia common in?

A

Toy/small breeds with large litters

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3
Q

What are 3 clinical signs of hypocalcaemia in the early stages?

A
  1. Behavioural changes
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Fever
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4
Q

In the late stages of milk fever/hypocalcemia, what are 3 serious clinical signs in the bitch?

A
  1. Convulsions
  2. Muscle spasms
  3. Recumbency
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5
Q

What are 2 measures of calcium in the blood that can be used in diagnosing hypocalcaemia?

A
  1. Total Calcium

2. Ionised Calcium

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6
Q

Total calcium should

A

Total calcium <7mg/dl

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7
Q

Ionised calcium should =

A

<0.8mmol/L

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8
Q

What is given to the bitch to treat hypocalcaemia?

A

Ca gluconate

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9
Q

Ca gluconate should be given to treat hypocalcaemia in the bitch via IV slowly. True/False

A

True

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10
Q

How many days postpartum does acute puerperal metritis occur in the bitch?

A

0-7 days post partum

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11
Q

What colour is the discharge seen when a bitch has acute puerperal metritis?

A

Reddish/brown discharge

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12
Q

What is significant in a CBC of a bitch with acute puerperal metritis?

A

Leukocytosis

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13
Q

What is present in a cytology of a bitch with acute puerperal metritis?

A

Bacteria and polymorphonuclear cells

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14
Q

What ecbolic can be used to treat acute puerperal metritis in the bitch?

A

Oxytocin

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15
Q

What surgical procedure is used to treat acute puerperal metritis in the bitch?

A

Ovariohysterectomy

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16
Q

Name the 2 types of mastitis in the bitch

A
  1. Individual

2. Diffuse

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17
Q

Name the 3 types of bacteria that cause mastitis

A
  1. E. coli
  2. Streptococci
  3. Staphylococci
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18
Q

What is the hallmark sign of mastits?

A

Hot, swollen and painful mammary glands

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19
Q

What 2 antibiotics are used to treat mastitis in the bitch?

A
  1. Cephalexin

2. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid

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20
Q

Cephalexin and amoxicillin are safe for use in puppies. True/False?

A

True

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21
Q

Puppies must be removed from the bitch once treated for mastitis. True/False?

A

False (unless abscessation or gangrene)

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22
Q

What type of agalactica (primary or secondary) is more common in the bitch?

A

Secondary

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23
Q

What 2 drugs can be used to treat agalactica?

A
  1. Oxytocin

2. Metaclopramide

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24
Q

Pups should be encouraged to suckle when a bitch has agalactica. True/False?

A

True

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25
Q

What is the hallmark sign of subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS) in the bitch?

A

Haemorrhagic vaginal discharge

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26
Q

What type of cells invade the endometrium and myometrium caused by subinvolution of placental sites?

A

Trophoblastic cells

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27
Q

Brucella canis is zoonotic. True/False?

A

True

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28
Q

What are the 2 main signs of a B. canis infection?

A
  1. Abortion

2. Prolonged vaginal discharge

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29
Q

What antimicrobial is used to treat a Campylobacter jejuni infection?

A

Erythromycin

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30
Q

Campylobacter jejuni has zoonotic potential. True/False?

A

True

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31
Q

Name 2 antimicrobials used to treat Salmonella in the bitch.

A
  1. Amoxicillin

2. Choramphenicol

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32
Q

Streptococci, mycoplasma and ureoplasma are all part of the normal vaginal flora. True/False?

A

True

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33
Q

What is the main risk factor associated with mycoplasma and/or ureoplasma infection?

A

Intense managed kennels

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34
Q

What is the prevalence of canine herpesvirus?

A

60-80%

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35
Q

Canine herpesvirus is latent in puppies. True/False?

A

False - latent in adult canines

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36
Q

Name 3 signs of a canine herpesvirus infection in a pregnant bitch.

A
  1. Abortion
  2. Mummification
  3. Fading puppy syndrome
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37
Q

Canine distemper and Parvovirus can cause abortion in pregnant bitches. True/False?

A

True

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38
Q

What protozoa can cause pregnancy loss in the bitch?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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39
Q

Apart from abortion, FLV is associated with…..

A

Foetal resorption

40
Q

Feline panleukopenia virus is associated with abortion, EED and……

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens

41
Q

Placental necrosis is associated with what type of virus in felines?

A

Feline herpesvirus

42
Q

At what stage in a bitch’s cycle is pyometra most likely to occur?

43
Q

Where in the bitch does pyometra occur?

44
Q

Where in the bitch does cystic endometrial hyperplasia occur?

A

Endometrium

45
Q

Pyometra is more common in spayed bitches. True/False

A

False - mostly affects intact bitches

46
Q

What type of bacteria is associated with pyometra/cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

47
Q

What is the average age of a bitch with pyometra?

A

7-8.5 years

48
Q

How many weeks after being on heat does pyometra occur in the bitch?

A

4-12 weeks

49
Q

Bitches with pyometra and an open cervix show signs of….

A

Mucopurulent discharge

50
Q

When using vaginal cytology to diagnose a pyometra in the bitch, what type of cells are seen?

A

Degenerated neutrophils

51
Q

When using a CBC to diagnose pyometra, what are the hallmark characteristics of the bloods to look for?

A

Leukocytosis - left shift neutrophilia)

52
Q

A bitch with pyometra has an _____ uterus with ____ fluid

A

A bitch with pyometra has an enlarged uterus with cloudy fluid.

53
Q

What is the treatment of choice for pyometra/cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Ovariohysterectomy

54
Q

What is the 2 medical treatments available for a bitch with pyometra/CEH that has breeding value?

A

Dopamine agonists

PGF

55
Q

When treating a bitch with antibiotics for pyometra/CEH, how many days after the discharge stops should you continue with the antibiotics?

56
Q

Why should a bitch recovering from pyometra/CEH be closely monitored? What is the risk post infection?

A

Uterine rupture

57
Q

What is the treatment of choice for a hydrometra/mucometra/hematometra in the bitch?

A

Ovariohysterectomy

58
Q

When does a vaginal prolapse usually occur in the bitch?

A

Near parturition

Proestrus

59
Q

What hormone contributes to vaginal prolapse in the bitch?

60
Q

Name the 2 primary causes of vaginitis in the bitch

A
  1. Brucella canis

2. Herpesvirus

61
Q

Vaginitis only occurs in intact bitches. True/False?

A

False - both intact and spayed

62
Q

What is the most common type of tumour in intact bitches?

A

Mammary neoplasia

63
Q

Name the 3 types of mammary neoplasia in the bitch

A
  1. Mixed cell
  2. Epithelial
  3. Connective
64
Q

What % of mammary tumours are malignant?

65
Q

How long after oestrus can mammary hypertrophy occur in the queen?

66
Q

What drug is associated with mammary hypertrophy in the queen?

67
Q

Name the two treatment methods for mammary hypertrophy in the queen

A
  1. Luteolysis

2. Ovariohysterectomy

68
Q

A benign fibroglandular proliferation is know as what in the queen?

A

Mammary hypertrophy

69
Q

Epithelial tumours are what type of neoplasia?

A

Ovarian neoplasia

70
Q

What is the most common type of ovarian neoplasia in the bitch?

A

Epithelial tumours

71
Q

What surgical treatment is used for epithelial tumours in the bitch?

A

Ovariohysterectomy

72
Q

What is the gold standard diagnostic method for germ cell tumours?

A

Histopathology

73
Q

What is a unique clinical sign of ovarian cysts in the bitch?

74
Q

Oestrogen levels are elevated when a bitch has ovarian cyst(s). True/False?

75
Q

Name the 3 steps in sexual differentiation.

A
  1. Chromosomal sex
  2. Gonadal sex
  3. Phenotypic sex
76
Q

What is the most common chromosomal abnormality in dogs?

A

XXY syndrome (Klinefelter’s syndrome)

77
Q

How many chromosomes does a dog/cat with XXY syndrome have?

A

79 (dogs)

39 (cats)

78
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY syndrome) causes sterility in affected animals. True/False?

79
Q

XO (Turner’s) syndrome only affect males. True/False?

A

False - only affects females

80
Q

How many chromosomes does a bitch with XO syndrome have?

81
Q

Sex reversal occurs when the ____ sex does not agree with _________ sex.

A

Sex reversal occurs when the gonadal sex does not agree with chromosomal sex

82
Q

What dog breed is known to be susceptible to sex reversal?

A

American cocker spaniel

83
Q

What gene do you test the genomic DNA for in a dog with sex reversal?

84
Q

Female pseudohermaphroditism occurs when the c_______ sex and the g_____ sex agree, but the p_____ and g_____ sex diagree.

A

Female pseudohermaphroditism occurs when the chromosomal sex and the gonadal sex agree, but the phenotypic and the gonadal sex disagree.

85
Q

What breed of dog is susceptible to male pseudohermaphroditism?

A

Miniature schnauzer

86
Q

What % of males with pseudohermaphroditism are cryptorchid?

87
Q

Males with pseudohermaphroditism have _______ ducts

A

Males with pseudohermaphroditism have mullerian ducts

88
Q

Male pseudohermaphroditism is an autosomal recessive condition. True/False?

89
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility in dogs?

A

Breeding by day of the cycle

90
Q

What does the LH test do?

A

Predicts ovulation

91
Q

A positive LH test is possible in spayed animals. True/False?

92
Q

Name 2 methods of semen deposition in the bitch

A
  1. Intrauterine

2. Vaginal

93
Q

Name 3 dog breeds that have a short interoestrus interval

A
  1. German shepherds
  2. Rottweilers
  3. Basset hounds
94
Q

The interoestrus should be less than how many months?

95
Q

What is the main hormone tested for in a hormonal assay to identify post ovulation disorders?

96
Q

Name 2 accidental post ovariohysterectomy problems

A
  1. Ovarian remnant

2. Stump pyometra

Theriogenology (12 decks)

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