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History Panagakou = French Revolution 🍎 > The Spread Of The Terror > Flashcards

The Spread Of The Terror Flashcards

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1
Q

The terror - what (4)

A

Name given to the period between 5 September 1793 - 27 July 1794
Local terrors = represents en mission + Comites de surveillance
Economic terror = bought about from the maximum
Religious terror = dechristianisation

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2
Q

The terror - victims (2)

A

40,000
Estimated 17,000 killed by the guillotine

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3
Q

What did the convention declare in September 1793

A

Must destroy all its enemies or they would destroy the republic

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4
Q

What did the conventions declaration lead to (3+)

A

Increase in the numbers of those bought to the tribunal
Between march - September = 260 cases + 66 to guillotine (paris)
Between September - march = 500,000 cases + 180 guillotined (paris)

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5
Q

Who + when first at the show trials (3)

A

Marie Antoinette
14 October 1793
Guillotined on 16 October 1793

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6
Q

What was Marie Antoinette accused of (5)

A

Orgies
Squandering gov money
Conspiracy against internal and external security of state
Sharing intelligence with the enemy
Incest with her son

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7
Q

When trial for Girondins (3)

A

24 October 1793
21 expelled Girondin leaders
31 October = all executed in space of 36 minutes

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8
Q

What + when speech by Saint-Just (2)

A

10 October 1793
Justify an intense campaign across the departments

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9
Q

What did Saint-Just campaign use (4)

A

Comites de surveillance = monitor every resident
Armees de revolutionaries = roam countryside and clamp down on federalist + counter revolutionary activities
Spies + agents from CGS

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10
Q

Atrocities and deaths in vendee (2)

A

7873 guillotined
November - January = 2000 killed through mass drownings

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11
Q

Atrocities and deaths in Toulon

A

700-800 prisoners shot or slain by bayonet in a massacre at Toulon champ de Mars

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12
Q

Atrocities and deaths at Lyons (4+)

A

December = Mitraillades
Condemned were killed using canons which propelled them into mass graves
So brutal the convention ordered it cease at the end of the month
1794 = 2000 had been executed

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13
Q

When was Toulon recaptured

A

19 December

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14
Q

When did Lyons surrender

A

October

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15
Q

What was the dechristianisation campaign by SC (3)

A

Supported a move to close churches + destroy all religious signs and symbols
Principally cantered in Paris
Encouraged by agitators Hébert and Chaumette

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16
Q

In October what did the Paris commune do

A

October 1793 = made dechristianisation an official policy

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17
Q

What happened to religious statues and replaced example (3)

A

Removed or vandalised
Figures on west front of north dame cathedral were beheaded
Busts of Marat were popular replacements

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18
Q

What happened to church property

A

Bells and plates were melted down to use for coins and weapons

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19
Q

Street names changed?

A

Street names with religious references (including saint) were changed

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20
Q

What happened to churches + when

A

November 1793 = churches closed altogether

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21
Q

What happened to the north dame cathedral (2)

A

Became the ‘temple of reason’
Movement = ‘festival of reason’ organised by the Paris commune

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22
Q

What was the festival of reason (5)

A

An opera singer representing liberty
Attended by young maidens
Vast displays of flowers and plants
Attendees paid homage to her
Sung republican hymns

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23
Q

Robespierre opinion on the festival (3)

A

Wasn’t authorised by the NC and they refused to attend as a body
Robespierre feared it would earn the revolution more enemies
Believed faith = maintain control and order

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24
Q

Why did religious toleration come back + when

A

December 1793 = peasants attacked local jacobin club
Decree on the ‘liberty of cults’ = religious toleration reaffirmed

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25
Q

Why was there a new law for CPS+CGS to increase powers put forward (3)

A

Robespierre + jacobins = France needed more ordered system of government since to many conflicting bodies had emerged
In reality = way of curbing activities of the SC

26
Q

What was the law of 14 Frimaire (4 December 1793) (4)

A

Gave CPS direct power over ministers, generals, represents en mission and local gov

27
Q

What did the law of 14 frimaire provide

A

Provided for a highly centralised structure and chain if authority in which CPS were supreme

28
Q

What did followers of Herbert complain

A

Robespierre was setting up a dictatorship and called on SC to rise up against ‘those who oppress us’

29
Q

Who wanted the terror to be scaled back (2)

A

Indulgents = Danton and Desmoulins + associates
Very popular but political views to scale back the terror at odds with Robespierre

30
Q

What did Robespierre draw attention to (3+)

A

Need to eliminate the vices of the ancien regime
Corruption, extravagance and excess
Concern for good living, fashionable clothes and sensual pleasure (indulgents) weren’t compatible with the revolutionary goals

31
Q

What report by Saint just + when

A

March 1794 = saint just read a report to NC = Herbert it’s and indulgents were denounced

32
Q

Why + when herbetists executed (2)

A

Rumours of plot to massacre members of NC = Herbert + associates arrested
24 march = Hebert executed + 18 associates

33
Q

Why + when arrest of indulgents (3)

A

30 march 1794 = arrested
Evidence Danton and friends involved in illegal financial deals
Danton, Desmoulins and 13 other guillotined on 13 April 1794

34
Q

Why, when Robespierre set up a new series of festivals (3+)

A

March 1794
Celebrate republican virtues
Attempt to establish central control over religious ceremonies = give deists inspo not atheistic inspo

35
Q

What was the festival of the supreme being (3)

A

Parade of groups from Paris and NC
Speech from Robespierre = elected president of NC to mark occasion
Statue of atheism was set alight

36
Q

When + why festival of supreme being (2)

A

7 May 1794 = announced Robespierre version of a new state religion
8 June = festival took place

37
Q

Progress of war in 1794 (3)

A

French drove Austrians, British and Dutch back
Reoccupied Austrian Netherlands, Rhineland
Inflation and supply problems = discontent

38
Q

First step to intensifying the terror + when

A

8 May 1794 = all revolutionary tribunals closed down

39
Q

What led to the Law of 22 Prairial III (2)

A

Tribunals closed = prisoners sent to Paris
Couthon proposed law to make convictions easier by simplifying judicial process

40
Q

When the law of 22 Prairial III

A

10 June 1794

41
Q

What did the law of 22 p state (5)

A

All those accused of political crime = taken to Parisian revolutionary tribunal
Citizens obliged to denounce any suspects
Trials take no more than 3 days
Tribunal had 2 verdicts = death or acquitted
No witnesses or defence

42
Q

Enemy of the people meant what

A

People attempting to mislead public opinion and corrupting the publics conscience

43
Q

When was the great terror (2)

A

Period of 2 months
Between the passing of the law 22 = 10 June and 8 Thermidor = 26 July

44
Q

What was the great terror (3)

A

Revolutionary tribunal pronounced 1284 death sentences
Acquitted only 278
35% nobles, 25% clergy, 40% bourgeoisie = more class based

45
Q

When was max wage set + what (3)

A

5 Thermidor = 23 July
Infuriated workers
Provided the context for the final political struggle of the terror

46
Q

What was the concern with farmers due to law of maximum

A

Farmers were planting less due to their price being fixed

47
Q

Why was gov critiqued concerning the economy (5)

A

Failed:
create a new tax system
Control money supply fully
Prevent inflation
End national debt
Develop new industries

48
Q

What did king of economy did the gov want (2)

A

Planned economy
Control all aspects of distribution and exchange

49
Q

Relationship between CGS and CPS (4)

A

CGS increasing hostile to CPS
Many anti-clerics and atheists in CGS dismayed promotion of cult of supreme being
Annoyed they weren’t consulted over law of 22
Robespierre and Saint-Just set up separate surveillance and police network = infringed on CGS

50
Q

Why was local government breaking down

A

Overload of work and atmosphere of fear

51
Q

Problems within the convention after the great terror (3)

A

The plain felt Robespierre was becoming a dictator
Uneasy about increasing number prosecutions
Feared that one of them could be next if they disagreed with the CPS

52
Q

What rose suspicions on Robespierre in Thermidor (July) (2)

A

Stopped attending CPS at the beginning of July and didn’t reappear until three weeks later
Said he needed time to ‘think’

53
Q

What 8 Thermidor = 26 July (3)

A

Robespierre reappeared before the NC + gave his last speech
Accused different committees and groups (CGS) for conspiring against ‘public liberty’
Suggested more purges needed

54
Q

What 9 Thermidor (27 July) (3)

A

Chants of ‘Down with the tyrant’ followed - Robespierre
Decree to arrest Robespierre was unanimously passed
Decrees against Saint-Just, Couthon, Le Bas followed

55
Q

Reaction to news of coup of Thermidor arrest in Paris commune

A

Raise NG to defend Robespierre = only 1/3 responded

56
Q

How did the convention try to condemn the coup of Thermidor + what (2)

A

Convention passed a decree to outlaw those accused so they could be condemned with no trial
Some commune forces managed to liberate the coup

57
Q

How did the force sent to retake them find the prisoners (4)

A

Le Bas shot himself + died
August in (Robespierre brother) threw himself out window and broke leg
Couthon (in wheelchair) hurled himself down stairs but survived
Saint - Just taken without resistance

58
Q

How was Robespierre found by the forces sent to recapture the coup (2)

A

Suggested he tried to kill himself but only shot through his jaw
Others say he was shot by a gendarme (police officer in France)

59
Q

What 10 Thermidor (28 July) (2)

A

Robespierre and 22 associates found guilty
Went to the guillotine that same day

60
Q

What happened after Robespierre execution (3+)

A

29 July = 71 death sentences pronounced - mostly members of commune who tried to defend Robespierre
12 more the day after that = 30 July
In total = 87 of 95 members of commune killed

61
Q

Positive of the terror between September 1793 and July 1794 (5+)

A

Successfully dealt with internal enemies and eliminated counter-revolutionary activities
Prevented economic chaos
Enabled the revolution to survive
Helped establish republican values
Enabled external war to be prosecuted successfully

62
Q

Negative results of the terror (5+)

A

Time of violence, destruction and savagery
Measures wasted precious resources at a time of war
Economic development held back
SC favoured at expense of other groups
Caused more dictions = totally undemocratic

History Panagakou = French Revolution 🍎 (12 decks)

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