The Sans-culottes And The Collapse Of The Constitutional Experiment

Question 1

Who were the sans culottes (4)

Answer 1

Left wing
Met in cordeliers clubs = radical
Artisans + lower end of the social scale
Hated the ‘selfish wealth’ of bourgeoisie and aristocratic elites

Question 2

What happened on the anniversary of the tennis court oath 1792 (2+)

Answer 2

Mob of 8000 sans culottes marched to Tuileries
Carried petitions demanding Louis withdraw his vetoes and reinstate pro war ministers

Question 3

Louis reactions to the journee of 20 June 1792 (3+)

Answer 3

Louis opened his doors and wore the bonnet rouge on his head which they gave him
He made a toast to the nation
He made no promises to accept their demand Shu the crowd was satisfied

Question 4

What on the 11 July 1792 (2)

Answer 4

The decree la patrie en danger (the fatherland in danger) issued in response to French reverses in the war
Called on all men to support the war effort

Question 5

What did Robespierre speech say and when (3)

Answer 5

29 July 1792
France should become a republic
Given to the assembly

Question 6

What did Robespierre suggest instead of a constitutional monarchy

Answer 6

There should be elections to a national convention in which both active and passive citizens would vote

Question 7

When was the manifesto written, by who and when did it arrive in Paris (3)

Answer 7

Written = 25 July 1792
Arrived in Paris = 1 august 1792
Written by = duke of Brunswick

Question 8

What did the Brunswick manifesto state (3+)

Answer 8

Warned any national guardsmen that were captured by Austrians would be put to death without mercy
France would suffer vengeance if harm came to the king
Added fuel to the arguments of those who wanted rid of the monarchy

Question 9

Who attended on 10 august 1792 (journee) + what (3)

Answer 9

Second sans culottes march on Tuileries palace
20,000 SC
2000 federes + NG

Question 10

Who defended the palace 10 august journee (3)

Answer 10

NG loyal to the monarchy
Three battalions of Swiss guards (700-800)
2000-3000 men in all

Question 11

What happened during the battle 10 august journee (4+)

Answer 11

Shot was fired = provoked a 2 hour long battle
Palace was set in fire
1000 of SC + federes killed or wounded
Swift guard and NG all massacred

Question 12

Immediate events after the 10 august journee (3+)

Answer 12

Paris commune removed the king and royal family to the temple prison
Assembly avoided proclamation to depose the king or establish a republic = declared him temporarily suspended
Issued a decree to suspend distinction between active and passive citizens

Question 13

After the 10 august journee what happened to the Paris commune (3)

Answer 13

Replaced with insurrectionary commune
Majority being jacobins
Most important revolutionary body during the terror

Question 14

What did Danton do (2)

Answer 14

Made minister of justice
Set up a committee of ministers to take executive power until new elections were held

Question 15

After the journee in august what happened to the kings powers

Answer 15

All laws on which the king used his suspensory veto would immediately come into force

Question 16

What + when refractory priests (2+)

Answer 16

26 august 1792 = given two weeks to leave the country voluntarily of face deportation to French Guyana

Question 17

When did Lafayette defect + to who + why (3)

Answer 17

Austrians
19 august 1792
Supported a constitutional monarchy

Question 18

How did Danton step forward to reduce panic + when (2+ dates)

Answer 18

30 august = authorised house searches for weapons hidden by the I’ll despised = 3000 taken to prison
2 September = enforced conscription on pain of death

Question 19

During aug + sept 1792 what cause the public to panic (3+)

Answer 19

23 august = Longwry in Lorraine had fallen to the enemy
1 September = verdun last fortress blocking the way to the capital was under siege
Royalist rising in vendee = 200 killed

Question 20

September massacres - first attacks (2)

Answer 20

2 September 1792
By federes on refractory priests being taken or held in prison

Question 21

How did the September attacks spread (2)

Answer 21

Included political prisoners, ordinary criminals and monks, nuns and priests
Largely carried out by SC

Question 22

Outcome of the September massacres (3+)

Answer 22

Girodins blamed jacobins for inciting the violent behaviour
Power of authorities and seemblies was shown to be weak
Popularity of radical leaders such as Danton and Robespierre increased

Question 23

What did the sans culottes became known as + why (September massacres) (3++)

Answer 23

Buveurs de sang = drinkers of blood
Violent and uncivilised behaviour
Not fully metaphorical = some acc did this + swallowed gunpowder to keep up fiery spirits

Question 24

Who did Parisians want to represent in the national convention (2)

Answer 24

Robespierre first choice
Marat, Danton and desmoulins and others to represent the capital

Question 25

Who were the Montagnards (3)

Answer 25

Jacobin deputies in the national convention
Supported radical policies of Robespierre
‘The mountain’

Question 26

Who were ‘the plain’ (2)

Answer 26

Majority of the deputies in the national convention
We’re not committed to extreme radicalism

Question 27

What 20 September 1792

Answer 27

Day of the new convention opened

Question 28

Why did the NC have an air of optimism (2)

Answer 28

News reached Paris on 21 September 1792
French army won a victory against the combined Austria-Prussian forces at Valmy

Question 29

Summary (6)

Answer 29

1791 = began with constitutional monarchy and legislative assembly
Coming of war in April 1792 = radicalised the revolution
Activities of the mobs on the journees’ drive the revolution forward on a more extreme path
King was discredited, imprisoned and suspended
The NA forced to take second place to the radical Paris commune
Revolutionaries became more divided