The Progress Of War

Question 1

What led to the levee en masse (3)

Answer 1

Defeats increased = fear in SC
Demanded people be given the opportunity to rise up against their enemies
Demanded retribution on military generals who defected

Question 2

When + who levee en masse + what (3)

Answer 2

23 august 1793
Bertrand Barère
Forced all French to participate in the war

Question 3

Specific levee en masse decrees (5+)

Answer 3

All men without immediate dependants were to give immediate military service
Married men = forge weapons and transport supplies
Women = make tents + serve in hospitals
Old = excite the courage of warriors and preach hatred of kings and unity of republic
Children = shred old linen for lint

Question 4

What did Carnot and saint-just do (3)

Answer 4

Created a commission of scientists and technicians
Supported development of telegraph to carry dispatches from the war
Established a company of balloonists to observe the enemy from the air

Question 5

Who + when invented the telegraph

Answer 5

1792
Claude Chappe

Question 6

Who was Lazare Carnot (4+)

Answer 6

Scientists + military engineer
Jacobin in the national convention
Member of committee of public safety - organised supplies for the army
Nicknamed the ‘organiser of victory’

Question 7

Who was Saint-Just (4+)

Answer 7

Jacobin in the NC
On the CPS
Regarded as cold, bloodthirsty and an inhuman fanatic
Nicknamed ‘Angel of terror’

Question 8

Manufacturing in France (3+)

Answer 8

Professional training centre for 800 students set up
By 1794 France had over a million men in arms
14 armies were well trained and supplied

Question 9

What became a policitical crime

Answer 9

Military defeat or failure to follow through a victory

Question 10

Carnot and saint-just ideas about generals (2+)

Answer 10

Wanted to replace ‘aristocratic generals’ or those associated with the ancien regime with younger commanders who were totally committed to the revolution
1793 = a total of 17 generals were executed

Question 11

What was progress of war by the end of 1793

Answer 11

France was left in ascendant (rising in power + influence)

Question 12

What was the CPS responsible for (2)

Answer 12

Supervising and facilitating the execution measures taken by the provisional executive council
Had authority over CGS and other special committees (Representants en mission)

Question 13

Who were the dominant members of the CPS (5+)

Answer 13

Robespierre
Saint-Just
Couthon
Carnot
Supposed to change once a month but from September didnt

Question 14

What did the CPS do unchallenged (3)

Answer 14

September 1793 - July 1794
Governed France unchallenged
Met at night

Question 15

What did the CPS ideas lead to (4)

Answer 15

Intense and ruthless campaign to destroy all counter revolutionaries + win the war = bought arbitrary government + the ‘terror’ to Frances

Question 16

When + who murder if Marat (2)

Answer 16

17 July 1793
Charlotte Corday = Girondin + counter-revolutionary

Question 17

Reaction to marats death (2)

Answer 17

SC demanded all suspects be arrested
Their ever increasing demands for action posed a real threat to the authority of the CPS and NC

Question 18

Why + when did the SC march on the convention again (3+)

Answer 18

5 September 1793
Demanded lower bread prices, higher wages and attack on those oppressing the people
NC had little choice but to agree to action

Question 19

What did the SC action do in September 1793

Answer 19

Produced some major pieces of legislation

Question 20

9 September due to SC action (3+)

Answer 20

Convention established SC paramilitary forces = armees revolutionnaries
They were to force farmers to surrender grain + attack hoarders
Members = paid, armed and placed under military command

Question 21

17 September - due to SC action (2)

Answer 21

Law of suspects passed
Provided a new definition for the word ‘suspect’

Question 22

What was considered and suspect and what (3++)

Answer 22

Could be arrested for their conduct, relationships, words or writings
Nobles, relatives of emigres, hoarders etc = suspects
Comites de surveillance required to draw up lists of suspects, issue warrants and give these lists to CGS

Question 23

29 September - due to SC action (3+)

Answer 23

New law of general maximum replaced the first price controls law (first law of general maximum)
Laid down a max price for grain, flour, meat, oil, onions, soap, firewood, leather and paper
And it imposed wage regulations

Question 24

Who did the SC make the convention make members of the CPS (3)

Answer 24

Jacques-Nicholas Billlaud-Varenne
Jean-Marie Callot d’Herbois
Two activists

Question 25

Summary (3+)

Answer 25

French fortunes improved = levee en masse and skill of Carnot
Declare following murder of Marat = encouraged SC to rise again in September
SC forced the jacobins to concede legislation that would radicalise the revolution + bring the terror