Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medsci 142 Test 1 > The Spinal Cord L2 > Flashcards

The Spinal Cord L2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does each of a rats whiskers represent?

A

a barrel of nerve fibres
200microns across
very precise representation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can decrease your chances of getting dementia?

A

knowing more languages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What areas of the brain are potentially effected in an aphasia?

A

Wernickes
Brocas
Arcuate Fasiculus
-as it is to do with a disorder of speech (associated with the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is the human brain symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

symmetrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the relationship between the two hemispheres?

A

Nearly but not entirely distinct

Closely related and Interact with one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference in sizing on the Left and Right Hemispheres?

A 
Areas larger (e.g. Wernicke's) on the Left side
(when looking at skull imprint) Lateral fissure is larger on the left hemisphere and lateral fissure is more acute on the right hemisphere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does your spinal cord extend?

A

Right down the middle of your vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 5 things is your spinal cord protected by?

A
  1. Vertebral column
  2. Meninges + CSF in subarachnoid space
  3. Cerebral Spinal Fluid
  4. Fat
  5. Connective Tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the protective function of the Vertebral column for the spinal cord?

A

Spine is made out of stacks of vertebrae (Bone and Little Cartilage)
Separated by the intervertebral discs
Intervertebral discs act as a Shock Absorber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the protective function of the Meninges for the spinal cord and brain?

A

Both spinal cord and brain
Spinal Cord (Spinal Meninges)
Brain (Cranial Meninges
Three Connective Tissue (CT) coverings the ENCIRCLE the spinal cord and brain
Pia Mater (inner layer) + Arachnoid Mater (middle layer) + Dura Mater (outer layer)
Subarachnoid space between the Meningeal membranes (Arachnoid and Pia Mater) contains CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF), which SUSPENDS the central nervous Tissue. Provides a Shock absorbing and Hydraulic cushion in a Weightless environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the protective function of CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) in the spinal cord?

A

Central Canal is filled with CSF
CSF is produced by the Choroid Plexus
Provides cushioning : Hydraulic cushioning role and Shock absorber to protect the spine
Also located in the subarachnoid space between the Meningeal membranes (Arachnoid and Pia Mater). Here it SUSPENDS the central nervous Tissue. Provides a Shock absorbing and Hydraulic cushion in a Weightless environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the protective function of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in the brain?

A

Filled between the Meningeal membranes (Arachnoid and Pia Mater) is CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF), which SUSPENDS the central nervous Tissue. Provides a Shock absorbing and Hydraulic cushion in a Weightless environment
Also located in ventricles and cerebro aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 protective structures of the brain?

A
  1. Skull
  2. Meninges
  3. CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the Upper 8 spinal nerves caller?

A

Cervical spinal nerves

neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the next 12 spinal nerves?

A

Thoracic spinal nerves

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the first group of 5 spinal nerves?

A

Lumbar spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the second group of 5 spinal nerves?

A

Sacral spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the last pair of spinal nerves?

A

Coccygeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the order of the 21 pairs of spinal nerves?

A 
Cervical = 8x pairs
Thoracic = 12x pairs
Lumbar = 5x pairs
Sacral = 5x pairs
Coccygeal = 1x pair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

The paths of communication between the spinal cord and a specific region of the body
Each pair of spinal nerves is said to arise from a spinal segment and is named according to the segment they’re located in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the shape of the spinal cord?

A

roughly oval

Flattened anteriorly and posteriorly slightly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the roots below the spinal cord collectively named?

A

Horse’s tail

Cauda equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

A conical structure called the Concus Medullaris (‘cone’) between first and second Lumbar bertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What happens to the nerves below the Concus Medullaris?
Lumbar, Sacral and Coccygeal do not leave the vertebral column at the same level they exit
26
Where does the spinal cord extend?
Spinal cord extends From the Medulla Oblongata | To the Superior part of the 2nd Lumbar vertebrae
27
What is a dermatome?
Band or region of the body (innervated by one spinal nerve) one spinal nerve is related to Nerve innervates skin at the level of the dermatome Dermatome provides sensory input into the CNS via the Posterior Dorsal Roots of a pair of spinal nerves, Dermatomes also provide sensory input into the CNS via the Trigeminal Nerve (V) (fifth cranial nerve)
28
How many dermatomes are there?
30
29
What is special about the first spinal nerve?
C1 Doesn't arise from/go to a dermatome/skin Only carries Motor fibres (ventral root only)
30
What is the Trigeminal nerve?
(V) Fifth cranial nerve Provided sensory information into the CNS (alongside dermatomes)
31
What is the dermatome of T4 on the human body?
nipple
32
What is the dermatome of T10 on the human body?
Umbillical
33
What is the dermatome innervated by the Coccygeal spinal nerve in the human body?
wrapped around Anus
34
What is the main components of an individual spinal nerve?
Dorsal/afferent/Posterior root + Ventral/efferent/Anterior root
35
What are the sensations which come through the dorsal root?
1. Touch and Pressure - 2. Pain and Temperature 2x major sets of information conveyed from skin Each has a different corresponding nerve fibre coming from dermatome INTO (taking input) the Central Nervous System (CNS)
36
What lies just beneath the skin?
Receptors of Specialised connective tissue Nerve fibre is in the middle When the receptor gets Depressed, the nerve gets activated
37
What are some important features of encapsulated receptors?
Pseudounipolar nuerons Takes the Dorsal/posterior/Afferent root Equal level of entry and exit of the spinal cord and dermatome Receptor is depressed and nerve gets activated Specialised connective tissue capsule with nerve beginning in the middle (ENcapsulated) Receptor is highly specialised and located just underneath the skin Encapsulated receptors are highly discriminative and precise, up to less than thorax and abdomen Cell body is located in the Dorsal root ganglion (which is a swelled/enlarged area in the dorsal root containing all the cell bodies of nerves which convey sensation to the spinal cord) Relatively thicker Myelinated fibres, Schwann cells wrapped around Impulses therefore travel faster (50ms-1) between the Nodes of Ranvier via saltatory conduction Myelination = speed of conduction and insulation Dermatome --> spinal cord --> 1 primary somatosensory cortex on opposite side of the brain Sensory information conveys INTO the spinal cord (REFLEXES) and has 2x processes 1. 1x branch into the Cortex, Up into the brain (very important branch) 2. 1x branch into the gray matter(dendrites and cell bodies) of the dorsal/posterior horn of the spinal cord
38
What is a dorsal root ganglion?
a swelled/enlarged area in the dorsal root containing all the cell bodies of nerves which convey sensation to the spinal cord
39
What is the speed of conduction in an encapsulated receptor?
50ms-1 Due to: Myelinated fibres, Schwann cells wrapped around Impulses therefore travel faster (50ms-1) between the Nodes of Ranvier via saltatory conduction Myelination = speed of conduction and insulation
40
What is the capsule of the encapsulated receptor like?
Equal level of entry and exit of the spinal cord and dermatome Receptor is depressed and nerve gets activated Specialised connective tissue capsule with nerve beginning in the middle (ENcapsulated) Receptor is highly specialised and located just underneath the skin Encapsulated receptors are highly discriminative and precise, up to less than thorax and abdomen
41
What is the type of encapsulated receptor called for the discriminative sensation of touch?
Meissner corpsucles
42
What is the type of encapsulated receptor called for the discriminative sensation of pressure?
Pacinian corpsucles
43
What is the precision of discriminative sensation of the encapsulated receptor?
less than
44
What is a pseudounipolar neuron?
an encapsulated receptor neuron which conducts discriminative sensation along the dorsal root
45
What are some important features of non-encapsulated receptors?
No capsule Non discriminative sensations of Pain and temperature information Pain: signals Noxious, tissue damaged conditions. Receptors called Nociceptors. In every tissue BUT the brain Temperature:Thermal sensation detected in receptors called Thermoreceptors Cannot pinpoint/localise pain and temperature sensations Naked free nerve endings Terminations of branches of nerve fibres Bare dendrites (lack any structural specifications) Terminates in the MOST DORSAL past of the gray dorsal horn in the spinal cord Under the skin in dermis Sensitive Thinner Non-myelinated Less fast conduction Conduction is in a continuous manner at 1ms-1 : No Schwann cells or nodes of ranvier Sensation is Less specific regionally (regional sensation > Pinpointed/precise sensation)
46
What is the speed of conduction in an non-encapsulated receptor?
1ms-1 Due to: Less fast conduction Conduction is in a continuous manner at 1ms-1 : No Schwann cells or nodes of ranvier
47
What is the precision of non-discriminative sensation of the non-encapsulated receptor?
0.5cm
48
Where are terminations of the encapsulated receptor's neurons?
Sensory information conveys INTO the spinal cord (REFLEXES) and has 1x cell body and 2x processes/axon branch Directly into spinal cord OR brain 1. 1x branch into the Cortex, Up into the brain (very important branch) 2. 1x branch into the gray matter(dendrites and cell bodies) of the dorsal/posterior horn of the spinal cord
49
Where are terminations of the non-encapsulated receptor's neurons?
1x cell body and 1x process/axon branch Directly into Spinal cord only (no branch into brain) Terminates in the MOST DORSAL part of the dorsal gray horn of the spinal cord
50
What are the main features of the dorsal/afferent/posterior root?
Contains ONLY sensory nerves - form a particular strop of dermatome Conducts nerve impulses from Sensory receptors (encapsulated or non-encapsulated respectively) as an INput into the CNS (directly into spinal cord OR brain) on the Opposite side
51
What are the main features of the ventral/efferent/anterior root?
contains ONLY motor neurons Lower Motor Neurons (LMN) Conducts nerve impulses from CNS OUTput to Effector organs, muscles and cells on the opposite side To the brian
52
What forms a spinal nerve?
Dorsal root + Ventral root
53
What are some important features of peripheral nerves?
Cell bodies originate from the Ventral gray root/horn
54
What is another name for peripheral nerves?
LMNs | Lower Motor Neurons
55
What are some important features of peripheral nerves?
Peripheral nerve=LMNs Ventral/efferent/anterior root Cell bodies located/originate from the Anterior Ventral gray root/horn Lower Motor Neurons (LMNs) Very large neurons Largest Neurons in the spine Innervates muscles/organs/cells on the the opposite side to the brain 1 muscle can be innervated by 3-4 nerves conveys information OUT (OUTput) to the skeletal muscles Anteriorly Myelinated axon Schwaan Cells (as is the Peripheral NS (PNS)) Fast saltatory conduction (50ms-1) Fast conduction Aids SMOOTH and Co-ORDINATED muscle movement/contraction upon activation to send the message of contraction to the skeletal muscle(anterior), the Peripheral nerve fires and releases ACh directly into the Synpatic junction which then quickly effects the Motor End plate
56
What is another name for peripheral nerves?
LMNs | Lower Motor Neurons
57
Where is the cell body of a encapsulated discriminative neuron located?
Dorsal Root Ganglion in the Dorsal root
58
Where is the cell body of an non-encapsulated non-discriminative neuron located?
Dorsal Root Ganglion in the Dorsal root
59
Where is the cell body of the LMN peripheral neuron located?
Anterior Ventral Gray horn
60
Are peripheral nerves large or small?
LMNs/peripheral nerves are Large
61
What is the speed of conduction in an LMN peripheral Neuron?
50ms-1 Due to: Myelinated axon Fast saltatory conduction (50ms-1) Fast conduction Aids SMOOTH and Co-ORDINATED muscle movement/contraction upon activation to send the message of contraction to the skeletal muscle(anterior), the Peripheral nerve fires and releases ACh directly into the synaptic junction which then quickly effects the Motor End plate
62
Why is myelination essential in the peripheral LMN in the ventral root?
Myelinated axon Fast saltatory conduction (50ms-1) Fast conduction Aids SMOOTH and Co-ORDINATED muscle movement/contraction upon activation to send the message of contraction to the skeletal muscle, the Peripheral nerve fires and releases ACh directly into the Synaptic Junction which then quicly effects the Motor End plate
63
What is effector muscle/organ/cell innervation like?
Innervates muscles/organs/cells on the the opposite side to the brain 1 muscle can be innervated by 3-4 nerves
64
What are temperature receptors called?
Thermal sensation detected at receptors called Thermoreceptors
65
What are Pain receptors called?
Nociceptors Noxious, tissue damaged conditions Found in every tissue EXCEPT in the BRAIN
66
Which are the largest neurons in the spine?
Lower Motor Neurons
67
What is the synaptic junction?
the nerve endings are NOT in direct contact with the muscle, but instead has a synaptic junction, where the information is passed from nerve --> to (skeletal) muscle via a Neurotransmitter (ACh) Acetylcholine
68
Why is the spinal cord critical?
Gets information from the skin --> CNS | Send information out, Innervating muscles
69
What are 3x types of Spinal Cord injuries?
1. Quadriplegia 2. Paraplegia 3. Sensory Loss
70
What is Quadriplegia?
c1-c3 Cervical (neck) injuries results in Four Limbed Paralysis Damage to the Spinal cord Leads to Loss of Sensation(cannot feel) AND Loss of/Inability to Move Muscles (paralysis)
71
What is Paraplegia?
T1 - below (lower part of the body effected) (not cervical, anything Thoracic or below) Usually results in complete OR Incomplete paralysis affecting the Legs and possibly the Trunk but NOT affecting the arms -dependant on the extent of the injury as to whether it is Complete OR partial lower paralysis Damage to the Spinal Cord Leads to Loss of Sensation (cannot feel) and Loss of/Inability to Move Muscles (paralysis)
72
What is Sensory Loss?
Complete Transection of the spinal cord means that the cord is SEVERED COMPLETELY from one side to another - therefore CUTTING ALL sensory (AND motor) tracts/nerve pathways Results in Loss of sensation ALTOGETHER, AND the Loss of Voluntary movement, BELOW the level of the transection Damage to BOTH the Spinal CORD and damage to the Spinal Nerves
73
What is myelinated by Schwann cells?
PERIPHERAL nervous system have glia called Schwann cells PNS Lower- LMNs
74
What is myelinated by Oligodendrocytes?
CENTRAL nervous system have glia called Oligodendrocytes CNS Upper motor neurons- UMNs

Medsci 142 Test 1 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions