Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medsci 142 Test 1 > Cardiovascular Problems L9 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Problems L9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for mitral regurgitation?

A

Mitral incompetence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the condition of Mitral regurgitation consist of?

A

when the Mitral valve Doesn’t close tightly

This results in the blood Flowing Backwards (back flow) up into the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes mitral regurgitation?

A

Dilated Cardio Myopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Does mitral regurgitation cause dilated cardio myopathy or does dilated cardiomyopathy cause mitral regurgitation?

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (the physical lengthening of Myocytes and following dilation of high pressure Left side of lumen and without growing flaps) causes Mitral regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does dilated cardio myopathy translate to?

A

“Cardio” = heart
“myo-“ = muscle
“pathy” = disease
resulting in “dilation”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is dilated cardio myopathy?

A

A disease of the hear muscle caused by dilated ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the cause of dilated cardio myopathy?

A

IDOpathic: the cause is unable to be identified
But Possibly :
1. drugs (e.g. steroids) (toxins)
2. alcohol (metabolites attack muscle tissue) (toxins)
3. Viral infection - in many cases
-all cause death and/or damage to the heart wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does idiopathic mean?

A

the cause is unable to be identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3x potential causes of Cardiomyopathy?

A
  1. drugs (e.g. steroids) (toxins)
  2. alcohol (metabolites attack muscle tissue) (toxins)
  3. Viral infection - in many cases
    - all cause death and/or damage to the heart wall
    - otherwise idiopathic - non-identified cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which biological changes occur during dilated cardio myopathy?

A
  1. the Infected muscle tissue are Attacked by lymphocytes.
    - many of the fibres Die
    - whilst the other damaged fibres are weakened and Slow to contract
    - altogether the Myocytes LENGTHEN - for an unknown reason
  2. High pressure circuit is most affected - LV
  3. LV dilates as the Myocytes LENGTHEN, resulting in an Enlarged chamber/lumen, and a normal wall thickness (max only a slight increase in wall thickness)
  4. Fibrous rings of the fibrous skeleton Also increase, but the mitral valve flaps Don’t increase.
  5. Therefore the Mitral valve flaps No Longer Meet during Systole, resulting in leakage/back flow by the mitral valve back up into the atria, and therefore Mitral Regurgitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to the muscle fibres during dilated cardio myopathy?

A

some muscle cells/Myocytes DIE
some muscle cells/Myocytes are DAMAGED and therefore weakened and Slower to contract
the INFECTED muscle tissue is ATTACKED BY LYMPHOCYTES
-overall the Myocytes LENGTHEN -for an unknown reason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to the fibrous skeleton during dilated cardio myopathy?

A

The fibrous skeleton also increases/stretches out with the mitral hole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to the valve flaps during mitral regurgitation?

A

Valve Flaps/cusps DO NOT grow
therefore the valve flaps free edges do not meet during systole (contraction)
resulting in backflow of blood by the mitral inlet valves back UP into the L Atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cause the dilation in dilated cardio myopathy?

A

The lengthening of the Lymphocyte attacked Myocytes due to the idiopathic causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Do lymphocytes have a role in dilated Cardio Myopathy?

A

yes
The Lymphocytes attacked the infected muscle tissue
some muscle tissue dies
some muscle tissue is weakened and slow to contract
overall there is LENGETHENING of the muscle fibres - which causes the dilation of the high pressure circuit (left)
-causes the HYPERTROPHY (enlargement) of the heart -lumen only, not wall thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does Hypertrophy mean?

A

increase in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Does the heart undergo hypertrophy in Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A

Yes
the heart does increase in size
it is the Lengthening of the cardiac Myocytes which causes the dilation of the high pressure LV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What sort of Hypertrophy occurs during Dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Hypertrophy (enlargement of the heart) Does occur
the Wall thickness remains the same (LV:RV 3:1),
However the Lumen radius/size increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to the wall thickness in dilated cardio myopathy’s hypertrophy(enlargement) of the heart?

A

Wall thickness remains the same (LV:RV 3:1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to the lumen radius in dilated cardio myopathy’s hypertrophy(enlargement) of the heart?

A

Lumen Radius INCREASES in a dilated cardiomyopathic heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is it a problem that the lumen of the heart enlarged and the wall thickness remains the same?

A

dilation /Lumen increase= heart is able to contain a greater volume of blood(due to larger radius)= heart is bigger/hypertrophy
but this increased blood volume can only be Pumped Out under the LOWER Pressure -due to Law of Laplace :same wall thickness and larger radius
Therefore overall the LV is weaker
-more blood of which the heart has to move, and to do so with the same thickness (and LESS pressure/force generated-due to Law of Laplace) - therefore overall weaker
Law of Laplace= Pressure (generated by the heart) Proportional to 1/radius
= shows that is the heart is bigger/lumen dilated and large, but the wall thickness doesn’t change, the heart is weaker, and can not generated AS MUCH /generates LESS pressure
- CO is responsible for maintaining MABP, but now Decreased CO due to Volume Load (having to push new blood + regurgitated blood every cycle + having a bigger lumen, therefore more blood coming into it/filling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the Law of LaPlace?

A

Pressure (generated by the heart) is proportionate to 1/ radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the Law of Laplace mean in relation to dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Pressure (generated by the heart) Is proportional to 1/radius
-Same wall thickness, larger lumen size due to Myocytes lengthening of the high pressure Left circuit especially
- Increase in radius = smaller pressure generated
-smaller pressure/ejection force, even tho Larger lumen ad therefore larger volume of blood coming in = VOLUME LOAD
= decreased CO and therefore harder to maintain MABP through CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Does dilated cardiomyopathy have a law related to it?

A

Yes Law of Laplace

-Pressure(generated by the heart) is proportional to 1/Radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the comparisons between the Mitral valve and Fibrous Skeleton in a normal vs. dilated cardiomyopathic heart?
Normal heart: Inlet valve Cusps close and seal. Fibrous skeleton fully supportive and complete. Normal CO, able to maintain MABP Dilated Cardiomyopathic Heart: Hypertrophic lengthening of cardiac Myocytes. Fibrous skeleton stretching with dilated lumen of LV. Cusps remain same size/DONT get bigger. Cusps no longer meet during ejection/systole/when inlet valve attempts to close. Regurgitation during Systole/Ventricular Contraction/Ejection. Volume load, NOT able to maintain CO and therefore has to work harder to maintain MABP (volume load and viscous cycle)
26
Does dilated cardiomyopathy effect the inlet or outlet valves more?
Inlet valve of Left High pressure circuit more Left inlet valve = Mitral valve therefore Mitral Regurgitation
27
What does the High pressure circuit consist of?
Entirety of the LEFT side as we are talking about ONE circuit which I High pressure therefore Mitral inlet valve + Aortic outlet valve -both surrounding the LV
28
What is the mitral valve and fibrous skeleton like in a normal heart?
Normal heart: Inlet valve Cusps close and seal. Fibrous skeleton fully supportive and complete Normal CO, able to maintain MABP
29
What is the mitral valve and fibrous skeleton like in a dilated cardiomyopathic heart?
Dilated Cardiomyopathic Heart: Hypertrophic lengthening of cardiac Myocytes. Fibrous skeleton stretching with dilated lumen of LV. Cusps remain same size/DONT get bigger. Cusps no longer meet during ejection/systole/when inlet valve attempts to close. Regurgitation during Systole/Ventricular Contraction/Ejection. Volume load, NOT able to maintain CO and therefore has to work harder to maintain MABP (volume load and viscous cycle)
30
Which 2x methods can you detect Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
1. Ultra sound -listen for different echo/feedback from different densities of tissue 2. Doppler Ultra sound = shows the way that fluid is moving (superior movement of fluid (back up into atria) during systole shows mitral regurgitation)
31
When can Ultrasound/Doppler ultrasound be used?
Dilated cardio myopathy Ultrasound can show different densities of tissue for orientation Doppler:shows the way that fluid is moving (superior movement of fluid (back up into atria) during systole shows mitral regurgitation)
32
What is shown on the Doppler Ultra sound in a dilated cardiomyopathic heart?
shows the way that fluid is moving (superior movement of fluid (back up into atria) during systole shows mitral regurgitation)
33
What are some exterior physical differences between a sheep heart and a dilated cardiomyopathic heart?
Sheep heart: 1.Heart is the size of a Clenched fist 2. Non-Flabby and Non-collapsed walls 3. Does hold its shape Dilated Cardiomyopathic heart: 1. Heart size is much larger the clenched fist (hypertrophy) 2. Flabby walls, often Collapsed 3. Heart doesn't hold its shape
34
What are some exterior physical observations of a normal sheep heart?
Sheep heart: 1. Heart is the size of a Clenched fist 2. Non-Flabby and Non-collapsed walls 3. Does hold its shape - dilated cardiomyopathic heart is negatively opposite to this
35
What are some exterior physical observations of a dilated cardiomyopathic heart?
Dilated Cardiomyopathic heart: 1. Heart size is much larger the clenched fist (hypertrophy) 2. Flabby walls, often Collapsed 3. Heart doesn't hold its shape - normal heart is positively opposite this
36
What is Auscultation?
The act of listening to sounds of the body using a stethoscope -Valve sounds radiate to specific areas of the chest Heart sound is best hear Away from the valves, closer to Where the blood is Flowing Towards Tricuspid valve = Below inlet, to the Right Mitral valve = Below inlet, to the Left Outlet = above in the arteries Mitral Regurgitation = Left Atrium
37
What is the name for the method of listening to the sounds of the body using a stethoscope?
Auscultation
38
What causes the sounds of the heartbeat?
Is the stopping of blood itself, DUE to the closing of the heart valves, which CAUSES the turbulence/oscillations/vibrating of the heart wall/blood
39
When can you hear no heart sounds?
When the blood is flowing smoothly | smooth flowing blood = silent
40
What is the first heart sound associated with?
Blood turbulence: associated with closure of AV atrio-ventricular valves Soon after ventricular systole begins
41
What is the second heart sound associated with?
blood turbulence: associated with the closure of BOTH SL semi-lunar valves At the beginning of Ventricular Diastole
42
Which heart sound do you heart at the beginning of ventricular systole?
first heart sound | As this is when the inlet valve closes -preparing for ejection
43
Which heart sound do you heart at the beginning of ventricular diastole?
Second heart sound | As this is when the outlet valves closes - preparing for filling
44
When is the first heart sound heard?
Just after the beginning of ventricular systole/ejection | -as the inlet valve closes (for ejection)
45
When is the second hear sound heard?
Just after the beginning of Ventricular Diastole | -as the outlet valves close (for filling)
46
Where do you listen for the heart sound during stethoscope use/auscultation?
Tricuspid valve = Below inlet, to the Right Mitral valve = Below inlet, to the Left Outlet = Above, in the arteries Mitral Regurgitation = Left Atrium
47
Where do you listen in auscultation for the flow of blood through the Tricuspid valve?
Below inlet, to the Right
48
Where do you listen in auscultation for the flow of blood through the Bicuspid/Mitral valve?
Below inlet, to the Left
49
Where do you listen in auscultation for the flow of blood through the Outlet valves ?
Above, in the arteries
50
Where do you listen for the flow of blood in Auscultation during Mitral regurgitation?
up in the LA left atrium
51
What are heart murmurs?
abnormal sounds of clicking, rushing or gurgling can be heard between, before or after heart sounds -in children 2-4 this is very common - are "functional"/innocent heart murmurs
52
What are the abnormal sounds of clicking, rushing or gurgling called?
Heart murmurs | Can be heart between, before or after heart sounds
53
What is the major symptom of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Breathlessness =shortness of breath | -due to the Lung tissue being waterlogged and fluid filled, resulting in shortness of breath
54
Why is the major symptom of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Breathlessness?
Lung tissue is fluid filled/water logged | Results in a shortness of breath=breathlessness
55
Where is blood re-pressurised?
at the Ventricles Blood is re-pressurised in order to drive the blood off into another circuit, travelling Down its pressure gradient -re-pressurising is due to contraction
56
Why do the ventricles re-pressurise blood?
so that the blood can be driven through another circuit, travelling Down its pressure gradient
57
What is breathlessness?
Shortness of breath
58
What is the absolute requirement of blood flow?
Pressure gradient | blood must flow DOWN a pressure gradient
59
What happens at the arterioles at a normal heart?
Arterioles take a lot of pressure out of the blood (have the greatest resistance across them) as they are protecting the capillaries which follow them/post-ceed them Greatest pressure drop/difference
60
What happens immediately as the blood flows out of the LV into the aorta?
Some friction occurs, and there is Decreased resistance | Therefore the pressure decreases a little (100 --> 90mmHg now)
61
How is a normal heart coping?
Pushing out normal CO ever cycle | In order to maintain MABP in the systemic arteries = to drive all the circuits
62
Why do we need to maintain MABP?
To drive all the circuits
63
What does CO maintain?
MABP
64
What maintains MABP mean arterial blood pressure?
CO constant cardiac output
65
What is Dyspnoea?
Discomfort/conscious Laboured breathing =struggling to ventilate lungs/fill lungs with heart due to the decreased compliance of lungs- which are Fluid filled and waterlogged
66
What causes dyspnoea?
Difficulty VENTILATING lungs | due to the decreased compliance of the fluid filled water logged lungs
67
What is the term for laboured/discomfort in breath due to decreased ability to ventilate lungs due to increased rigidity/decreased compliance of lungs to expand?
Dyspnoea
68
What is the vicious cycle in mitral regurgitation?
Positive Feedback system (another even occurs to control it) - perpetuates cycle and makes it worse 1. Cardiac muscle disease (viral or other causes) 2. LV dilation (weakened (when contracting) tissue and lengthening of Myocytes) 3. Mitral valve ring stretches (valves fail to seal even more) 4. Increased mitral regurgitation 5. Volume Load on LV 2.3.4.5. continually. until... LV fails (i.e. death) - unable to maintain MABP, resulting in organ failures, and body/systems are unable to support itself
69
What happens to the lung tissue when it is less compliant?
Lung tissue is water filled, due to capillaries increasing their leakage of blood plasma into the interstitial fluid (double exchange) increasing the rigidity of the lung tissue , therefore harder to inflate/ventilate lungs, conscious laboured /discomfort breathing
70
What happens when MABP cannot be maintained?
Organ failure | Systems are cannot/are unable to support itself
71
Why can organ failure and the body's inability to support itself occur?
When CO gets so low (e.g. due to volume load and vicious cycle of mitral regurgitation due to dilated cardiomyopathy occurs) that MABP mean arterial blood pressure can no longer be maintained
72
What is a treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy?
Artificial valve | -ball value now St Judes valves

Medsci 142 Test 1 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions