The Motor Systems of the Brain L4 Flashcards
What is a homunculus?
representation of the body on cortices
Cant be either a Motor Homonculus or Sensory Homunculus
What is the Motor homunculus?
Motor map of the body
Representation is proportional to the Complexity of control over those muscles, Dexterity of those muscles, or Degree of Activity.
Somatotopical map in the Motor Cortex
Different muscles are represented unequally in the 1 Primary Motor area
Large representation= thumb, fingers, lips and tongue
Small representation = toes, trunk/abdomen
More cortical area is devoted muscles involved in Movement which is Skilled, Complex and or Delicate
What areas of the body have a large representation on the Motor homunculus?
Thumb Fingers Face tongue Lips
What ares of the body have a small representation on the Motor Homunculus?
Toes
Trunk
Abdomen
What is the reason behind more cortical motor area devoted to particular parts of the body over others?
More cortical area is devoted to muscles involved in Movement which is Skilled, Complex and Delicate
What is the representation on the motor homunculus proportional to?
Complexity of control
Dexterity of the muscles
Degree of activity
What is the sensory homunculus?
Sensory map of the body
Representation is proportional to the number of specialised sensory receptors within the corresponding body part
A larger representation means the body part has a more highly specialised sensory function (has more cortical area devoted to it)
Large representation= Lips(bigger than motor) and Fingertips
Smaller representation = trunk and abdomen
More sensitive, able to Localise specifically (discriminative)
Large number of receptors = larger representation on homunculus =/= does not equal larger size of the body part (lips and finger tips are small yet they are largely represented on the primary somatosensory cortex)
What areas of the body have a large representation on the Sensory homunculus?
Lips (bigger than on motor homunculus)
Finger tips
What areas of the body have a small representation on the Sensory homunculus?
Trunk
Abdomen
What is the reason behind more cortical sensory area devoted to particular parts of the body over others?
Representation is proportional to the number of specialised sensory receptors within the corresponding body part
Large number of receptors = larger representation on homunculus =/= does not equal larger size of the body part (lips and finger tips are small yet they are largely represented on the primary somatosensory cortex)
What is the reason behind more cortical sensory area devoted to particular parts of the body over others?
A larger representation on the sensory cortex means the body part has a More Highly Specialised Sensory Function (more cortical area devoted to it)
-More Sensitive
-More able to localise sensation specifically (Discriminative)
-Greater discrimination and precision
-More receptors
Large number of receptors = larger representation on homunculus =/= does not equal larger size of the body part (lips and finger tips are small yet they are largely represented on the primary somatosensory cortex)
How many neurons do the Sensory neuron pathways consist of?
3
1st order neuron
2nd order neuron
3rd order neuron
How many neurons do the Motor neuron pathways consist of?
2 mainly - UMN + LMN
3 sometimes - UMN + interneuron + LMN
What does the Primary Motor Cortex do?
Primary motor cortex controls the movement of muscles CONTRALATERALLY (on the opposite side of the body to the brain) Highly Organised and Intricate system Organised via homunculus Controls VOLUNTARY movements Contains Upper Motor Neurons (UMNs)
What does the Cerebellum do?
Cerebellum controls the Co-ordination of movements, as you do them, at every point in time, IPSILATERALLY (on the same side of the body to the brain(cerebellum))
What does Contralaterally mean?
Control on the OPPOSITE side of the body to certain area
-Majority of brain control is contralateral
Esp:
- 1 motor cortex
- 1 somatosensory cortex
NOT cerebellum
What does Ipsilaterally mean?
Control on the SAME side of the body to the certain area
- ONLY ONE region in the brain has Ipsilateral control (all the rest contralateral control)
- is the CEREBELLUM
What are Upper Motor Neurons (UMNs)?
UMN’s cell Bodies are located in the 1 Primary motor area and Premotor area
Axons extend down through brain (pyramidal/corticospinal tract) and spinal cord(lateral or ventral corticospinal tract)
UMNs extending down through Lateral Corticospinal Tract =70-90%
UMNs extending down through Ventral Corticospinal Tract =10-30%
Extend to the specific area of the body which is required to move
Terminate in Ventral gray horn, either directly onto LMN or onto Inter Neuron
Are LARGE PYRAMIDAL cells
LArge cell bodies
Long and Myelinated axons
Oligodendrocytes - as in CNS Central NS - increased Insulation and Conduction
50ms-1 –> 100ms-1
Organised in the Primary Motor Cortex via the Motor Homunculus
Controls voluntary Movements
Tells LMN when to Fire, to give Smooth movements
CNS –> effector muscles
Pathway: 1 Primary Motor cortex –> Internal capsule (big fat fibre tract) –> Crus Cerebri of Midbrain (big fat fibre tract still) –>(Pyramidal/Corticospinal Tract)–> Pons (in separate fasicles) –> Pyramid of Medulla (in ventral bulges called pyramids) –> Spinal Cord –> a. pyramidal decussation and then Lateral Corticospinal Tract (70-90%) b. no decussation and instead down Ventral Corticospinal tract (10-30%)
What does the internal capsule directly translate to?
Capsule = Fibre bundle
is a Big Fat fibre bundle Tract
What does Capsule mean?
Fibres bundle
What is another name for pyramidal cells?
Upper Motor Neurons (UMNs)
What is another name for the Pyramidal Tract?
Corticospinal Tract
What is another name for the Corticospinal Tract
Pyramidal Tract
What is the Pyramidal/Corticospinal Tract?
1000 or so fibres
Highly organised
Compact motorway
AXONS of UPPER MOTOR neurons (UMNs) come together to form a Nerve Bundle
In the Brain and brainstem (following is ventral and lateral corticospinal tract in spinal cord)