Reproduction during the lifetime L20 Flashcards
What is sex determination?
Sex determination is the COMMITMENT of the indifferent, BIPOTENTIAL gonad to a Testes or an ovary
(determination = commitment)
-causes a change in the phenotype of the gonads but that is sexual differentiation
What is the commitment of the indifferent bipotential gonad to a testes or an ovary called?
Sex determination (determination = commitment)
What controls sex determination in humans?
Sex determination in Mammals is Genetically controlled
“the presence or absence of the Y chromosome (and SRY gene in particular) determines sex”
-human has 22 pairs of autosomes
-1x pair of sec chromosomes
-23 pairs altogether, and 46 chromosomes altogether
What is the control of sex determination in mammals?
Genetically controlled (via chromosomes)
“the presence or absence of the Y chromosome (and SRY gene in particular) determines sex”
-23x pairs (one from each parent) of chromosomes altogether (46 single chromosomes)
-22x pairs of autosomes
-1x pair of sex chromosomes
How many pairs of chromosomes do we have altogether?
-23x pairs (one from each parent) of chromosomes altogether (46 single chromosomes)
(-22x pairs of autosomes
-1x pair of sex chromosomes)
-these chromosomes lead to the genetic control of sex determination in mammals, and therefore humans
How many chromosomes do we have altogether as humans?
23x PAIRS of chromosomes
46 x chromosomes altogether
How many autosomes do humans have?
22x pairs of autosomes
How many sex chromosomes do humans have?
1x pair of sex chromosomes
2x sex chromosomes individually
What type of chromosomes do we have 22x pairs of?
autosomes
What is the SRYs gene?
A gene/region on the Y chromosomes
(known as the SRY gene)(Sex-determining Region on the Y chromosomes)
Provides the PATHWAY for the testes to develop
What provides the pathway for the Testes to develop?
the SRY gene on the Y chromosome
“Sex determining Region on the Y gene)
-PROVIDES a PATHWAY for the testes to develop
Specifically what part of the genetic sex determination results in a male?
- Presence of the Y chromosomes
2. More specifically the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome itself
What does the presence of the testes determine?
sexual fate of the embryo, against the basic female trend (default pathway)
What deters the sexual fate of the embryo from the basic female trend?
the presence of the testes
which is determined itself by the genetically controlled sexual determination of the Y chromosomes and the SRY gene on the y chromosome
What happens if there is no SRY gene on the Y chromosome?
If There is no SRY gene on the Y chromosomes, the embryo will develop into a female (continue along the default female pathway)
- as the SRY gene is the single, isolated gene which solely determines sex (Testes/gonads commitment/production)
- masculinity must be imposed against an inherent trend towards femaleness: requires the action of the Y chromosome/hormonal intervention in order to stop the initial bipotential gonad of the embryo from becoming female
- prevents all the structures from becoming female
Even if there is a Y chromosomes, how can the embryo still become a female?
There is no SRY gene on the Y chromosome
-there is nothing imposing against the inherent trend towards femaleness of the bipotential gonad-prevents all the structures from becoming female
What solely determines masculinity?
the SRY gene
is a GENE which is located on the Y chromosome and it alone SOLELY determines masculinity
-by imposing against the embryo’s basic female trend, by providing Y chromosome/hormonal action and to stop the body from becoming female
-prevents all the structures from becoming female
Does the Y chromosomes or the SRY gene solely determine masculinity?
SRY gene
it is the SRY gene which is the single, isolated gene on the Y chromosomes which SOLELY determines the testes/gonads commitment/production
-prevents all the structures from becoming female
What is the SRY gene?
The single, isolated gene on the Y chromosomes which SOLELY determines the testes/gonads commitment/production
it is the Y-chromosomes and hormonal intervention which imposes against the bipotential gonad’s inherent trend towards femaleness to give masculinity - prevents all the structures from becoming female
What does the presence of the testes determine the sexual fate of the embryo against?
against the basic female trend
-its hormonal intervetion
What aspect of imposing masculinity against the basic female trend of the embryo is most important? i
hormonal intervention (from the SRY gene on the Y chromosome) as part of the Y -chromosomal activity
What is the role of hormonal intervention in imposing against the basic female trend?
It is the hormonal intervention from the SRY gene on the Y chromosome) as part of the Y-chromosomal activity, which is the most important component of the presence of the testes imposing against the basic female trend of the embryo (default pathway of the embryo to become female)
-prevents all the structures from becoming female
What is sexual differentiation?
AFTER the commitment of the gonad of the embryo to the pathway of becoming EITHER a ovary or testes (dependent on the imposing presence or absence/mutation of the y chromosome and solely determining SRY gene (which imposes masculinity against the inhere basic female trend of the bipotential gonad)
Differentiation is to do with phenotype
Sex Differentiation is the phenotypic development of the genital structures due to the actions of the hormones produced following gonadal development
Sexual differentiation affects the external and internal genetalia
What 2x things does sexual differentiation affect?
- Internal genetalia
2. External genetalia
What affects the internal and external genetalia of a developing embryo’s gonads?
Sexual differentiation
-the actions of the hormones produced following gonadal development, causes the phenotypic development of the genetal structures
What is the phenotypic development of the genital structures in sexual differentiation due to?
The actions of hormones produced, following gonadal development
-affects the external and internal genetalia
Is sexual differentiation before sexual determination, or is sexual determination before sexual differentiation?
- sexual DETERmination (determination = commitment)
- sexual differentiation
- determined to differentate
What is sexual differentiation due to?
the actions of hormones, produced following gonadal development
What is the difference between the sexual differentiation development of the testes and ovaries?
Sexual differentiation of the testes REQUIRES HORMONES TO BE MADE in order to Drive male differentiation
vs
Sexual differentiation of the ovary doesn’t require/isn’t directly driven by the presence of ovarian hormones, instead happens by default (therefore lags behind/development and regression occurs later/is slower)
What are the 2x hormones made by the ovary during sexual differentiation?
- oestrogen
- progesterones
- note: oestrogen and progesterones are NOT necessary - can remove them or remove the ovary and the process will still occur (basic female trend/inherent default pathway of the embryo/bipotential gonad towards femaleness)
What is the imposing action leads to the phenotypic differentiation of the bipotential gonad?
Sex specific hormones of the testes (the androgen testosterone form Wolffian duct development, and AMH/Mullerian Inhibiting substance for Mullerian duct regression) which leads to the differentiation of the internal and external sex organs of the male
Are oestrogens needed in the sexual differentiation of the female(ovary)?
No
the ovary occurs/develops by default
The ovary makes oestrogens and progesterones, but these hormones DO NOT drive the development of the internal genetalis
The female genetal duct : the mullerian duct just develops (but later on in internal genetalia development comparatively to males) to become the Internal female genetalis (uterus, fallopian tube, upper 1/3 of the vagina) and the male genital duct: the wolffian duct regresses naturally with time
What part of the internal genitalia eventually develops into the male reproductive system?
The Wolffian duct
(mesonpheric duct)
is the male internal genital duct
-its development occurs during sexual differentiation
-phenotypic development of the genital structures (ducts)
What part of the internal genetalis eventually develops into the female reproductive system?
The Mullerian duct
(paramesonephric duct)
is the female internal genital duct
-its development occurs during sexual differentiation
-phenotypic development of genital structures (ducts)
What 3x things does the initial internal undifferentiated state in an embryo refer to?
In the Internal genetalia
all three are present (both female and male internal structures are present):
1. Genital/gonadal ridges (its metoderm cells eventually become the bipotential gonad involved in sexual DETERmination(1st))
2. Female internal duct/genital structure = Mullerian duct = Paramesonephric duct
3. Male internal duct/genital structure = Wolffian duct = Mesonephric duct
When do the gonads develop?
Gonads develop from the intermediate mesoderm during the 5th week of development
What happens in the 5th week of development?
Gonads develop from the intermediate mesoderm
What happens to the intermediate mesoderm?
in the 5th week, the gonads develop from the intermediate mesoderm
Where do the gonads develop from?
The intermediate mesoderm
in the 5th week of development
What 3x things are present in the undifferentiated state of internal genetalia?
- Gonadal ridges - bipotential gonad
- Mullerian/Paramesonephric female internal genetalia duct
- Wolffian/Mesonephric male internal genetalia duct
Both male and female internal structures are present initially
If unimposed, will automatically become an ovary (female mullerian development and wolffian regression)
Initial undifferentiated state of internal genetalia present in the 5th and 6th week of development
When is the undifferentiated state of the internal genetalia present?
In the 5th and 6th week of development
What is present in the 5th and 6th week of development?
The initial undifferentiated state of the internal genetalia
-both male and female internal genital ducts+ genital/gonadal rediges
What will happen in the internal genetalia is unimposed?
The internal genetalia will automatically become an ovary
-continue along basic female trend/default trend towards femaleness
Are both male and female internal structures/ducts present initially (in the 5th-6th weeks of development)?
Yes
both are present intially
What does the bipotential gonad originate form?
the metodermic cels of the gonadal/genital risges
What happens to the metodermic cells of the gonadal ridges?
origination of/Forms the bipotential gonad
What 3x things happen in Male internal genetalia differentiation?
7th-8th week of development
Faster then Female internal genetalia differentiation, as it does have active hormonal intervention/mechanism to make structures develop and regress actively
1.1. Mullerian duct regression
7th-8th week
Occurs due to AMH/Anti-mullerian hormone/MIS/Mullerian Inhibiting Substance - is secreted by sertoli cells
2. Wolffian duct development and maintenance
7th-8th week
Occurs due to Testosterone
secreted by the Leydig cells, located in the testes
Wolffian duct develops into 3x structures (Epididymis, Vas deferens and seminal vesicles)
3. the Testis descend from its internal Para-renal (side of the kidney) High in the pelvic cavity/Ovary height level position –> down to the scrotum/
-descend in order to be external to the body for spermatogenesis. occurs in the 7th Month of development
- Failure to descend from the pelvic cavity: 1. risk of infertility 2. risk of developing testicular cancer later in life
When does the Mullerian duct regress in Male internal genetalia differentiation?
7th - 8th week of development
What happens in the 7th-8th week of Male internal genetalia differentiation?
the Female internal mullerian duct regresses
the Male internal Wolffian duct develops and begins maintenance
What is the regression of the Female internal Mullerian duct due to in Male internal genetalia differentiation?
AMH/Anti-mullerian hormone/ MIS/Mullerian inhibiting substance
Is secreted by sertoli cells