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MD4001 - Anatomy > The Skull, TMJ and Cervical Spine > Flashcards

The Skull, TMJ and Cervical Spine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skull?

A
  • Bony skeleton of the head
  • Most complex bony structure in the body
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2
Q

What is housed within the skull?

A

Houses the brain, organs of special sense, upper part of respiratory and gastrointestinal systems

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the skull?

A
  • Protects the brain, brainstem, cranial nerves and vasculature
  • Provides attachment for muscles
  • Provides a framework for the head
  • Gives us our identity as individuals…
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4
Q

What are the main types of bones found in the skull?

A
  • Flat and irregular bones
  • Pneumatised bones
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5
Q

How do flat, smooth bones form?

A

intramembrous ossification

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6
Q

How do irregular bones form?

A

endochondral ossification

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7
Q

What are pneumatised bones and what is their function?

A
  • Bones with air spaces (air cells or sinuses) such as frontal, temporal sphenoid and ethmoid
  • WHY? – serve 2 functions in the skull; to reduced weight and add resonance to our voice
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8
Q

What is the skull?

A

cranium, skeleton of the head including the mandible, composed of the neurocranium and viscerocranium with a total of 22 bones in the adult excluding the ossicles of the ear (28 with ossicles)

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9
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

Bony case of the brain, including the cranial meninges with a dome-like roof (calvaria/skullcap) and a floor (cranial base/basicranium)

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10
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

Anterior part of the cranium consists of bones surrounding the oral cavity, nasal cavity and most of the orbit

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11
Q

What are the bones of the neurocranium?

A

8 bones with 4 being singular midline bones (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and occipital) along with 2 sets of bilateral paired bones (temporal and parietal)

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12
Q

What are the bones of the viscerocranium?

A

15 irregular bones with 3 being singular midline bones (ethmoid, vomer and mandible) along with 6 sets of bilateral paired bones (nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine, maxillae and inferior nasal conchae

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13
Q

What are the main features of the neurocranium?

A
  • External acoustic meatus
  • Styloid and mastoid processes
  • temporal fossa
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14
Q

What are the main features of the viscerocranium?

A
  • Zygomatic arch
  • Mandible
  • Infratemporal fossa
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15
Q

What are the boundaries of the temporal fossa?

A
  • Superior and posterior borders = Superior and inferior temporal lines
  • Anterior border = frontal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of frontal bone
  • Inferior border = infratemporal crest deep tp zygomatic arch
  • Floor = includes pterion
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16
Q

What are the main features of Pterion? And what is its clinical significance?

A
  • H-shaped junction of sutures
  • Frontal, parietal, temporal and greater wing of sphenoid bone
  • Structurally weak (thin) area of the skull
  • Overlies anterior branch of the meningeal artery
  • Vulnerable to injury
  • Trauma can lead to extradural (epidural) haematoma
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17
Q

What is the surface anatomy marking of Pterion?

A

4cm superior to midpoint of zygomatic arch and 3cm posterior to frontal process of zygomatic bone

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18
Q

What is the Calvaria?

A

4 flat bones (x2 parietal, single frontal and occipital) fused by the coronal sagittal and lambdoid sutures

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19
Q

What are the main features on the internal view of the calavaria?

A
  • Groove for anterior branch of the middle menigeal artery
  • Granular foveolae - ararchnoid granulations that return CSF to the venous system
  • Bregma
  • Groove for superior sagittal sinus - carries venous blood back to the systemic circulation
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20
Q

What is the name for the small islands of bone that may be seen within the cranial suture?

A
  • Known as sutural, accessory or Wormian bones
  • Most commonly observed in the lambdoid

sutures

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21
Q

What is the inion?

A

Craniometric point

In the midline at the boundary between squamous and rough occipital bone

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22
Q

What is the main function of fontanelles and how do they develop?

A

o Moulding of cranial shape during birth
o Post-natal growth of brain
o Corners of frontal and parietal bones fuse by 18 months (anterior fontanelle not palpable)
o Flat bones are separated by fibrous membranes that

fuse in post-natal life (sutures)

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23
Q

What are sutures (functionally and structurally)

A

o Structurally, type of fibrous joint
o Functionally, limited or no movement (synarthrosis)

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24
Q

Name the main features (bones) on an anterior view of the skull

A
  • Frontal bone
  • Glabella
  • Nasion
  • Inferior nasal concha
  • Maxilla
  • Mental foramen (carries CN V3)
  • Infra-orbital foramen (carries CN V2)
  • Supra-orbital foramen (carries CN V1)
  • Nasal bone
  • Zygomatic bone
25
What are the main craniometric points of the skull?
* Lambda * Inion * Asterion * Nasion * Glabella * Pterion * Bregma (where anterior fontanelle closes) * Vertex
26
Describe the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa
\*\*Space behind maxilla and inferior to skull base - Laterally: Ramus of the mandible - Medially: Lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone - Anteriorly: Posterior aspect of maxilla - Posteriorly: Tympanic plate, mastoid and styloid processes - Superiorly: infratemporal crest of sphenoid bone - Inferiorly: Angle of the mandible
27
Give the labels of this view of the cranial base
28
Give the labels of this view of the cranial base
29
Where is the pterygopalatine fossa?
Narrow space between pterygoid process of sphenoid and palatine bone
30
What does the pterygopalatine fossa communicate with?
* laterally with infratemporal fossa * medially with sphenopalatine foramen to nasal cavity * superior to orbit/skull via inferior orbital fissure * foramen rotundum = connection to middle cranial fossa * foramen lacerum - connects to base of the skull and middle cranial fossa (via Vidian canal)
31
Draw the pathways from the ptergopalatine fossa
32
Highlight the main spaces on an internal view of the skull
* anterior cranial fossa * middle cranial fossae * posterior cranial fossa
33
What are the main features of the anterior cranial fossa
* Frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones * Shallowest part of cranial base * Occupied by frontal lobes * Olfactory bulbs (CN I) receive nerve fibres from the nasal cavity via the foramina of the cribriform plate (olfaction) * Cribriform plate fractures can present with CSF rhinorrhoea
34
What are the main features of the middle cranial fossae?
- Sphenoid and temporal bones - Occupied by temporal lobes - The pituitary gland lies in the hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa (deepest part of sella turcica) - The pituitary gland is surrounded by 5 clinoid processes and 2 superior projections (dorsum sellae posteriorly and tuberculum sellae anteriorly)
35
What are the main features of the posterior cranial fossa?
- Sphenoid, occipital and temporal bones - Occupied by the cerebellum and brainstem
36
What are the main features of the mandible?
- Site for muscle attachments (muscles of mastication) - Foramina for passage of neurovascular structures - Mandibular teeth within alveolar processes
37
What is the articulation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
- Glenoid (mandibular) fossa of temporal bone and condylar process of mandible
38
What type of joint is the TMJ?
- Modified hinge (atypical) synovial joint
39
What are the articular surfaces of the TMJ covered in?
- Articular surfaces of bone covered with fibrocartilage (not hyaline cartilage) - Fibrocartilaginous articular disc separating the joint into superior and inferior articular cavities
40
What are the ligaments of the TMJ?
* Ligaments * 2 extrinsic and 1 intrinsic (lateral) * Connect mandible to cranium * Sphenomandibular ligament * Primary passive support of the mandible * Lateral ligament * Strengthens TMJ laterally * With post-glenoid tubercle prevent posterior dislocation
41
What are the main movements of the mandible?
42
When is the TMJ most unstable?
during depression as the condylar processes move nateriorly and lie underneath the articular eminences with the mandibular head being vulnerable to anterior dislocation
43
What is the contents of the Cribiform foramina in the cribifrom plate?
Axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerves
44
What is the contents of the optic canals?
Optic nerves (CN II) and opthalmic ateries
45
What is the contents of the superior orbital fissure?
Opthalmic veins; opthalmic nerve (CN V1); CN II, IV and VI; and sympathetic fibres
46
What is the contents of foramen rotundum?
maxillary nerve CN V2
47
What is the contents of foramen ovale?
Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) and accessory menigeal artery
48
What is the contents of foramen spinosum?
Middle menigeal artery and vein and menigeal branch of CN V3
49
What is the contents of foramen lacerum?
Deep petrosal nerve and some menigeal arterial branches and small veins
50
What is the contents of foramen magnum?
medulla and meniges, vertebral arteries, CN XI, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
51
What is the contents of the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X and XI; superior bulb of internal jugular vein; inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses; and menigeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries
52
What is the contents of the hypoglossal canal?
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
53
Describe intevertebral joints
* Secondary cartilaginous joint * Hyaline cartilage in endplates * Intervertebral disc – fibrous * Supported by * Anterior longitudinal ligament * Posterior longitudinal ligament; pierced by vertebral artery; continues cranially as tectorial membrane
54
What are the main spaces of the neck?
55
Describe the pretracheal space
Between investing layer and pretracheal fascia Area extends between neck and superior mediastinum
56
What is the 'true' retropharyngeal space?
Bteween buccopharyngeal fascia and superifical prevertebral fascia (alar fascia) area extends between base of skull and superior mediastinum
57
What is the danger space in the neck
Within prevertebral layer (alar fascia and deep prevertebral layer); area extends from base of skull through posterior mediastinum to the diaphragm
58
What are the movements at each level of the neck?
* - C0-C1 * Flexion and extension * Lateral flexion * C1-C2 * Rotation * Flexion and extension * C3-C7 * Lateral flexion * Rotation

MD4001 - Anatomy (6 decks)

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