The Skin Flashcards
WHAT DOES THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM CONSIST OF?
The skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails. glands and sensory receptors)
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
•Comprises the skin and its accessory structures
–hair, nails, glands and sensory receptors
•Covers the _ surface of the body
–Adult human skin has:
- a surface area of between 1.8 and 2.0 m2
- a _ of between 0.5 and 4.5 mm
- a mass of between 4.5 and 5 kg
- an extensive vasculature
- an abundance of secretory glands (sweat, sebaceous)
- an abundance of _ receptors (touch, pain, thermal)
External
Thickness
Sensory
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM; STRUCTURE
TWO MAJOR SKIN TYPES
THE EPIDERMIS- A KERATINISED, STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Composed of layers or strata of _ that differ in form and function
- Stratum basale - single layer of columnar keratinocytes resting on a basement membrane: site of production of new keratinocytes.
- Stratum spinosum – multiple rows of closely packed, many sided keratinocytes tightly linked by desmosomes
- Stratum granulosum – multiple rows of flattened keratinocytes containing darkly staining keratohyalin granules and lipid-rich lamellar bodies – on release these form an hydrophobic, impermeable barrier
- Stratum lucidium – multiple rows of clear, flat, dead, keratin-rich keratinocytes; present only in _ skin.
- Stratum corneum - multiple rows of dead, flat, enucleate keratinocytes that comprise mostly cross-linked keratin fibres (squame cells)
Keratinocytes
Thick
WHAT IS THE STRATUM SPINOSUM?
Multiple rows of closely packed, many sided keratinocytes tightly linked by desmosomes
WHAT IS THE STRATUM GRANULOSUM?
Multiple rows of flattened keratinocytes containing darkly staining keratohyalin granules and lipid-rich lamellar bodies – on release these form a hydrophobic, impermeable barrier
WHAT IS THE STRATUM CORNEUM?
Multiple rows of dead, flat, enucleate keratinocytes that comprise mostly cross-linked keratin fibres (squame cells); the stratum corneum allows you to get wet without absorbing lots of water
WHAT IS THE STRATUM BASALE?
Single layer of columnar keratinocytes resting on a basement membrane: site of production of new keratinocytes
WHAT IS THE STRATUM LUCIDIUM?
Multiple rows of clear, flat, dead, keratin-rich keratinocytes; present only in thick skin
WHAT IS THE EPIDERMIS COMPOSED OF?
Layers of strata of keratinocytes that differ in form and function
STRUCTURE OF THE EPIDERMIS
KERATINS
•Family of _ filament-forming proteins
–54 proteins in two families: type I (acidic) & type II (neutral or basic)
•Comprise 25-30 % of total protein in the epidermis
–80 - 85 % of total protein in the stratum corneum
•Form branching, rope-like bundles in the cell _.
–associate with junctional (anchoring) complexes at the cell periphery
- Desmosomes (cell-cell) and hemidesmosomes (cell-matrix)
- Maintain the structural integrity of the epidermis
- Allow the epidermis to resist and dissipate mechanical forces
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
WHAT ARE KERATINS AND WHAT DO THEY DO?
Family of cytoskeleton filament-forming proteins that maintain the structural integrity of the epidermis
JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES ANCHOR KERATINOCYTES TO EACH OTHER AND TO THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE
PRESENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF OTHER CELL TYPES IN THE EPIDERMIS
Langerhans cells- they move within the epidermis, they are also _-presenting cells. They will present antigens to T-cells.
Merkel cell- Sensory- synaptic connections to _ endings.
Melanocyte cell- makes _.
Antigen
Nerve
Melanin
WHAT DO LANGERHANS CELLS DO?
They move within epidermis and are antigen-presenting cells (they will present antigens to T-cells)
TRANSFER OF MELANOSOMES FROM MELANOCYTES TO KERATINOCYTES IN THE EPIDERMIS
MELANOSOMES TRANSFERRED TO KERATINOCYTES MIGRATE TO THE PERI-NUCLEAR REGION AND FORM A PROTECTIVE ‘CAP’
WHAT DETERMINES SOMEONE’S SKIN COLOUR?
Determined by the absolute and relative amounts of eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesised (the number of melanocytes in the skin is similar in all individuals).
STRUCTURE OF THE DERMIS
WHAT ARE THE TWO REGIONS OF THE DERMIS?
- Papillary (20% of total dermis thickness)
- Reticular (80% of total dermis thickness)
ACCESSORY SKIN STRUCTURES: HAIR
•Grow from hair _ located in the dermis
–follicles develop from downward projections of the _.
•Composed of columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells
–originate from a germinal matrix or stratum _ located in the hair bulb.
Follicles
Epidermis
Basale