Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacy; The Healthy Body 2 > The Kidneys > Flashcards

The Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

WHERE ARE THE KIDNEYS LOCATED?

A

Just below the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

KIDNEYS: ANATOMICAL LOCATION

Partially protected by ribs

  • Adrenal glands – endocrine function
  • Vascular supply – renal artery/vein
  • Hilum – attachment point of vasculature
  • Filtration and modification of fluids
  • Urinary tract – transportation/storage of urine
  • Renal fascia – connective tissue anchor
  • Adipose capsule – support and shock
  • Renal capsule – connective tissue protective wrap
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

INTERNAL ANATOMY

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

KIDNEY BLOOD SUPPLY

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

WHERE DO THE KIDNEYS GET MOST OF THEIR BLOOD SUPPLY FROM?

A

Renal Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The kidneys have lobes; these lobes have pyramids that feed into the papilla, which allows the _ of blood to occur. The filtered product then moves into the pyramids, then to the papilla and then eventually into the _.

A

Filtering

Ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE KIDNEYS: THE NEPHRON

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

AT REST, WHAT PERCENTAGE OF CARDIAC OUTPUT GOES TO THE KIDNEYS?

A

20-25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE NEPHRON

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

WHAT PARTS OF THE NEPHRON DOES THE CORTEX OF THE KIDNEY CONTAIN?

A

All of the Bowman’s Capsule, proximal and distil tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

WHAT PARTS OF THE NEPHRON DOES THE MEDULLA OF THE KIDNEY CONTAIN?

A

Loops of Henle

Collecting Ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TUBULE STRUCTURE

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

WHERE IN THE NEPHRON DOES BLOOD FILTRATION OCCUR?

A

Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE RENAL CORPUSCLE

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

WHAT ARE FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES?

A

Large gaps between endothelial cells (but not big enough for cells to pass through)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

WHAT IS THE BASAL LAMINA?

A

Thin layer of extracellular matrix, separates the endothelial cells from the podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

WHAT ARE PODOCYTES?

A

Pedicels,narrow filtration slits, finest level of filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

THE CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM, BASEMENT MEMBRANE AND VISCERAL EPITHELIUM FORM A FILTRATION BARRIER

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

THE THREE FILTRATION BARRIERS

Very large surface area for filtration to occur

Size of _ determines the level of filtration and the compostition of filtrate.

Water and electrolytes, glucose, very small proteins and amino acids to be filtered. Waste products, urea, ammonium

Large cells in healthy kidney cannot pass through.

Filtration fraction – 20%, amount of substance that is filtered from plasma into capsule.

A

Pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

WHAT IS THE GLOMERULER FILTRATE?

A

An ultrafiltrate of the plasma. It contains water and dissolved solutes, but no cells and, in health, only trace amounts of protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE OF THE GLOMERULER CAPILLARIES DRIVES FILTRATION

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

WHAT IS GLOMERULER FILTRATION RATE (GFR)?

A

The volume of filtrate produced by the kidney’s per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

WHAT IS THE AVERAGE GFR IN A HEALTHY ADULT?

A

GFR is ≈125 mL/min (equivalent to 180 L/day)

This filtration fraction is ≈20% of total renal blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

GLOMERULER FILTRATION RATE: THE VOLUME OF FILRATE PRODUCED BY THE KIDNEYS PER MINUTE

In an healthy adult, and over a wide range of blood pressures,

GFR is ≈125 mL/min (equivalent to 180 L/day)

This filtration fraction is ≈20% of total renal blood flow

Despite a net filtration pressure of only 10 mmHg, the volume of filtrate is large for three reasons:

  • the surface area of the glomerular _ is large
  • the glomerular capillary endothelium is fenestrated
  • the glomerular capillary blood pressure is _

* 99% of the filtered volume is reabsorbed *

A

Capillaries

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE REASONS WHY THE VOLUME OF THE GLOMERULER FILRATE IS LARGE?

A
  • The surface area of the glomerular capillaries is large
  • The glomerular capillary endothelium is fenestrated
  • The glomerular capillary blood pressure is high
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

CHANGES IN THE DIAMETER OF THE AFFERENT AND EFFERENT ARTERIOLES ALTER RENAL BLOOD FLOW AND GFB

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

THE URINARY EXCRETION OF A SUBSTANCE DEPENDS ON ITS FILTRATION, REABSORPTION AND SECRETION

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

WHAT THREE THINGS DOES THE URINARY EXCRETION OF A SUBSTANCE DEPEND ON?

A

Its filtration, reabsorption and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

REGIONS OF THE NEPHRON WHERE FILTRATE IS MODIFIED

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

WHAT PART OF THE NEPHRON ARE MOST FLUIDS AND SOLUTES (65%) REABSORBED?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

WHAT IS UROBILINOGEN?

A

A colourless by-product of bilirubin reduction

32
Q

UROBILINOGEN

A colorless by-product of bilirubin _. It is formed in the intestines by bacterial action on bilirubin. About half of the urobilinogen formed is reabsorbed and taken up via the portal _ to the liver, enters circulation and is excreted by the kidney.

A

Reduction

Vein

33
Q

THE SIX SUBDIVISIONS OF RENAL FUNCTION

  1. Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure
  2. Regulation of blood Osmolarity (≈300mOsM)
    - the number of osmotically active particles per litre of fluid
  3. Maintenance of _ balance (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca2+ & Cl-)
    - Na+ is the most important in respect of ‘1’ and ‘2’
  4. Homeostatic regulation of plasma pH (7.38 – 7.42)
    - secretion and/or reabsorption of H+ and HCO3-
  5. Excretion of metabolic and other wastes
    - creatinine, urea, urobilinogen; hormones; drugs and xenobiotics
  6. Production of _
    - synthesis of erythropoetin; production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
A

Ion

Hormone

34
Q

THE KIDNEY’S MAINTAIN FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF ‘MASS BALANCE’

A
35
Q

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS?

A

The maintenance (homeostasis) of fluid and electrolyte balance (the main function is NOT the removal of wastes)

36
Q

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN TO A CELL IF YOU PUT IT INTO A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION?

A

The cell would swell as water moves in (as there is a lower conc. of solute in the surrounding solution than in the cell)

37
Q

WHAT IS AN ISOTONIC SOLUTION?

A

A solution that won’t cause a change in cell size when the cell is placed into it (as the conc. of water in the solution is the same as the conc. of water in the cell)

38
Q

WHAT IS A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION?

A

A solution that has a higher conc. of solutes than inside the cell= water moves out of the cell and into the solution surrounding it.

39
Q

INGESTING FLUID

A
40
Q

REGULATION OF FLUID BALANCE

Involves sensing osmolarity, pressure and volume of _.

  • Kidneys are the site of salt regulation.
  • Salt (Na+) regulation is important in regulating blood volume, as it controls the movement of _ across the plasma membranes. Water will follow the movement of sodium if that membrane is permeable to water.
  • Sodium regulation relies on balance between sodium being filtered and _.
  • Body detects changes in sodium (salt) concentration indirectly as changes in blood volume, and therefore detects this with the baroreceptors and osmoreceptors in the _.
  • Regulation of blood volume also regulates total body sodium.
  • Low sodium = low blood volume, high sodium = high blood volume
A

Blood

Water

Reabsorbed

Hypothalamus

41
Q

TO WORK OUT HOW MUCH SODIUM IS EXCRETED IN URINE, DO: sodium excreted = sodium filtered – sodium reabsorbed

A
42
Q

THE CONSEQUENCES OF ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES

A
43
Q

THE KIDNEYS FULFIL THEIR HOMEOSTATIC FUNCTION BY REGULATING URINARY VOLUME, OSMOLARITY AND ACIDITY

KEY FACTORS:

  • the cortico-medullary osmotic gradient
  • regional differences in the permeability of the nephron and collecting duct
  • regional differences in the selective reabsorption* and secretion of solutes in the nephron and collecting duct
  • the arrangement and proximity of the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
A
44
Q

TUBULAR TRANSPORT

•Two membrane surfaces

–Basolateral membrane (adjacent to interstitial fluid)

–Luminal/apical membrane (adjacent to tubular fluid)

  • From tubular filtrate into tubular cell along concentration gradient
  • Require facilitated or carrier systems to cross basolateral membrane
A
45
Q
A
46
Q

MOVEMENT OF WATER AND SOLUTES IN THE NEPHRON

Remember: The descending limb is permeable to water but the ascending limb isn’t.

A
47
Q

WHAT IS THE CARBONIC ACID FORMULA?

A

H2CO3

48
Q

REABSORPTION OF Na+ AND HCO3 AND SECRETION OF H+ IN THE PCT

A
49
Q

REABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE IN THE PCT

A
50
Q

PASSIVE REABSORPTION OF OTHER IONS AND WATER IN THE PCT

A
51
Q

MOVEMENT OH H20 IN THE LOOP OF HENLE: THE DESCENDING LOOP IS PERMEABLE AND THE ASCENDING LOOP IS IMPERMEABLE

The wall of the thin segment of the descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to _ and, to a lesser extent, to solutes. The interstitial fluid in the medulla of the kidney and the blood in the vasa recta have a high _ concentration. Water therefore moves by osmosis from the tubule into the interstitial fluid and into the vasa recta. An additional 15% of the filtrate volume is reabsorbed. To a lesser extent, solutes diffuse from the vasa recta and interstitial fluid into the tubule.

The thin segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is not permeable to water but is permeable to _. The solutes diffuse out of the tubule and into the more _ interstitial fluid as the ascending limb projects toward the cortex. The solutes diffuse into the descending vasa recta.

A

Water

Solute

Solutes

Dilute

52
Q

REABSORPTION IN THE THICK SEGMENT OF THE ASCENDING LOOPS

A
53
Q

REABSORPTION IN THE DCT AND COLLECTING DUCT

A
54
Q

OVERVIEW OF TUBULE FUNCTIONS

•Proximal tubule:

–70% Na removed by active transport,

–_ ions and water follow passively

–secretion of _, absorption of bicarbonate

•Descending loop Henle:

–water permeable, not _.

–osmotic loss of water concentrates salts in lumen

•Ascending, loop Henle:

–thin segment; salt permeable, not water

–salts diffuse out of lumen

–thick segment; active Na+ and Cl- & K+ cotransport

•Distal Tubule:

–active Na+ and Cl- co transport

–permeable to _.

A

Chloride

Acid

Salts

Water

55
Q

THE HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE AND BLOOD VOLUME IS INTEGRATED

A
56
Q

EXTRINSIC FACTORS AFFECTING TUBULAR REABSORPTION AND SECRETION

A
57
Q

THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM CO-ORDINATES THE RESPONSES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL SYSTEMS TO DECREASES IN BLOOD PRESSURE/VOLUME.

A
58
Q

WHAT CONDITIONS ARE ACE INHIBITORS LARGELY USED TO TREAT?

A

High BP

Heart failure

Diabetic nephropathy

Type 2 diabetes

59
Q

WHAT DOES ALDOSTERONE DO?

A

Stimulates Na+ absorption

60
Q

CONSUMING ALCOHOL REDUCES ADH EFFECT.

TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

61
Q

ADH RELEASE

A
62
Q

ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (VASOPRESSIN) REGULATES THE REABSORPTION OF WATER IN THE COLLECTING DUCT

A
63
Q

ADH REGULATES THE REVERSIBLE INSERTION OF WATER PORES IN THE APICAL MEMBRANE OF CELLS IN THE COLLECTING DUCT

A
64
Q

WHAT DOES ADH DO SPECIFICALLY?

A

Regulates the reversible insertion of water pores in the apical membrane of cells in the collecting duct

65
Q

WHAT DOES ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP) DO?

A

Decreases the reabsorption of Na+ and water in the DCT and CCD

66
Q

HOW DOES THE KIDNEY HANDLE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES?

A
67
Q

RENAL CLEARANCE: HOW A SOLUTE IS HANDLED BY THE KIDNEYS

The excretion rate (E) of a substance into the urine provides no mechanistic insights into how the kidney handled that substance. This is because, as can be seen from the figure, E depends on i) the filtration rate of the substance (F) and whether it is resorbed (R), secreted (S) or both.

The renal handling of a substance and GFR are often of clinical and regulatory interest.

Clearance of a solute (e.g. a drug) is the rate at which that solute disappears from the body by excretion or metabolism (TURN OVER):

A
68
Q

RENAL CLEARANCE: HOW A SOLUTE IS HANDLED BY THE KIDNEYS (2)

For any solute that is cleared only by excretion, clearance is expressed as the volume of _ passing through the kidneys that has been totally cleared of that solute in a given time.

Inulin (a plant polysaccharide) has the interesting property in that it is freely filtered by the kidney, but is neither reabsorbed or _. Essentially, all the inulin filtered in kidney is recovered in the urine and hence we can state the following:

GFR= Inulin clearance

In the hypothetical examples that follow, we follow the renal excretion of 4 molecules of inulin, glucose, urea and penicillin, all present in the plasma at 4 molecules per 100 mL, over a 1 minute period. For simplicity, 100% of the filtered volume is assumed to be reabsorbed and GFR to be 100 mL of plasma filtered per min.

A

Plasma

Secreted

69
Q

RENAL CLEARANCE: INULIN AND GLUCOSE

A
70
Q

RENAL CLEARANCE: UREA AND PENICILLIN

A
71
Q

WHAT IS INULIN?

A

A plant polysaccharide that is freely filtered by the kidney, but is neither reabsorbed nor secreted.

72
Q

WHAT IS PARESTHESIA?

A

An abnormal condition where you feel a sensation of burning, numbness, tingling, itching or prickling

73
Q

THE MAINTENENCE ACID-BASE BALANCE DEPENDS ON THE RESPIRATORY AND RENAL SYSTEMS

A
74
Q

WHAT DOES ACID-BASE BALANCE DEPEND ON?

A

Respiratory and renal systems

75
Q

ACIDOSIS: pH IS TOO LOW

THE KIDNEY’S WILL EXCRETE _ IONS AND REABSORB _ IONS

A

H+

HCO3-

76
Q

ALKALOSIS: pH IS TOO HIGH

THE KIDNEY’S EXCRETE _ IONS AND HCO3- IONS REABSORB _ IONS.

A

K+

H+

Pharmacy; The Healthy Body 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions