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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > The skeletal system part I > Flashcards

The skeletal system part I Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Electrolyte balance-calcium and phosphate ions
acid-base balance- buffers blood against excessive pH changes
Blood formation- red bone marrow produces red blood cells

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2
Q

How many named bones are there in the Adult human skeleton?

A

206 bones, born with 270 but many fuse overtime

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3
Q

What sections does the Axial skeleton contain?

A

Skull- cranium and face
Hyoid
Auditory ossicles
Vertebral column
Thorax- sternum and ribs

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4
Q

What sections does the Appendicular skeleton contain?

A

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle- clavicle and scapula
Upper Limbs- Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges.
Pelvic (hip) girdle- hip, pelvic, or coxal bone
Lower Limbs- Femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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5
Q

Long bones

A

longer than wide
rigid levers moved by muscles

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6
Q

short bones

A

equal in length and width
glide across in multiple directions

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7
Q

flat bones

A

protect soft organs
curved but wide and thin

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8
Q

irregular bones

A

elaborate shapes that don’t fit into the other three categories

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9
Q

Long bone anatomy

A

Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis- epiphyseal growth plate
Articular cartilage- perforating fibers
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum

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10
Q

Periosteum

A

covers majority of the bone
Functions to protect, nourish and attach ligaments and tendons
rich in sensory nerves

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11
Q

Outer periosteum

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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12
Q

Inner periosteum

A

cells

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13
Q

Diaphysis

A

Bone shaft is made of compact bone
Medullary cavity inside bone shaft is filled with yellow marrow and lined by endosteum (a single layer of cells).

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14
Q

Epiphyses

A

Proximal and distal ends of a long bone
Mostly spongy bone with thin compact bone surrounding to give it shape.
Filled with red marrow for making red blood cells
Capped by articular cartilage (hyaline) instead of periosteum

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15
Q

Metaphysis

A

region between diaphysis or bone shaft and epiphysis (proximal and distal ends)
Epiphyseal plate: hyaline cartilage and growth zone

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16
Q

Periosteal arteries

A

Accompanied by nerves, supply the periosteum and compact bone with blood and nutrients

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17
Q

Epiphyseal veins

A

carry blood away from the long bones

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18
Q

Structure of a flat bone

A
  • name for the compact spongy compact pattern in the skull.
    Outer layers of —- are covered by periosteum
19
Q

Diploe

A

Spongy layer in the cranium
-absorbs shock
-Marrow spaces lined with endosteum

20
Q

Composite Materials of bone

A

Polymer and ceramic matrix
25% water
25% collagen fibers
50% crystallized mineral salts

21
Q

What is the most abundant mineral salt found in bone at 85%

A

Calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite

22
Q

What is the scientific name for brittle bone disease

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

23
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

undergo cell division and produce osteoblasts

24
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-building cells
Synthesize extracellular matrix of bone tissue

25
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells
exchange nutrients and wastes with the blood

26
Q

Osteoclasts

A

release enzymes that digest mineral compositions of bone matrix (resorption)
Regulate blood-calcium level
Forms from white blood cells called monocytes so it has multiple nucleii

27
Q

Compact bone

A

resists caused by movement and weight
compact bone is arranged into osteons or haversian systems

28
Q

Osteons (Haversian Systems)

A

Consist of a central canal with concentrical lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi

29
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings of calcified matrix, like rings of a tree trunk

30
Q

Lacunae

A

small spaces between lamellae and contain osteocytes

31
Q

Canaliculi

A

radiate from the lacunae and are filled with extracellular fluid for nutrients

32
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Construction:
Lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns called trabeculae
Spaces between trabeculae make bone lighter
Composes most interior bone tissue

33
Q

Trabeculae

A

The lattice of thin columns in spongy bone
bone support that protects red marrow
oriented along lines of stress

34
Q

Ossification

A

Process that forms bones

35
Q

Four situations of Ossification

A
  1. Formation of bone in an embryo
  2. Growth of bones until adulthood
  3. remodeling of bone
  4. repair fractures
36
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Osseus tissue develops directly within sheet-like layers of mesenchyme
Involved in making flat bones notably in the skull and mandible

37
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

this type of bone formation has bone cells forming inside a pre-existing hyaline cartilage model
responsible for most bone construction including long bones.

38
Q

Fontanelle

A

Newborn skull

39
Q

Steps of Endochondral Ossification

A

Step 1: The cartilage mold forms
Step 2: Cartilage molds grow along with growth of the body
Step 3: The primary ossification center forms when the nutrient artery arrives and provides blood.
Step 4:As ossification continues forms a medullary cavity
Step 5: blood vessel entry into the epiphyses stimulates development of new secondary ossification centers
Step 6: as the epiphyses ossifies, residual hyaline cartilage remains on the surface of the bone

40
Q

Bone Growth : Length

A

1) Growth of epiphyseal cartilage on the growth plate
2) replacement of cartilage with bone tissue in the epiphyseal plate.

41
Q

Achondroplastic Dwarfism

A

Failure of metaphysical chondrocyte multiplication
Homozygous lethal
head and trunk develop normally but limbs are stunted

42
Q

Bone Growth: Thickness

A

grow in thickness at the outer surface

43
Q

Bone growth: remodeling

A

bone continually forms and resorbs, replacing itself after a certain amount of time
balance must exist between actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts (creation and resorption)

44
Q

Rickets

A

Calcitrol deficiency (VitD)
Stimulates uptake of dietary calcium, increased resorption
necessary for normal bone deposition
Rickets-occurs in childhood
Osteomalacia- occurs in adults

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (14 decks)

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