Joints

Question 1

Any point where two bones meet whether or not they are moveable at that surface

Answer 1

Joint or Articulation

Question 2

How are joint names typically named?

Answer 2

Typically they are named off of the bones that they are involved with.

Question 3

An immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossify, and they become a single bone

Answer 3

Bony Joints or Synostosis

Question 4

A point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other.

Answer 4

Fibrous or Synarthrosis

Question 5

Immovable or slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull together

Answer 5

Sutures

Question 6

Overlapping beveled edges

Answer 6

Lap or Squamous Sutures

Question 7

straight, non-overlapping edges

Answer 7

Plane or Butt Sutures

Question 8

Interlocking wavy lines

Answer 8

serrate sutures

Question 9

Bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers, giving the bones more mobility

Answer 9

Syndesmosis
ex. the radius and ulna and the tibia and fibula

Question 10

Attachment of a tooth to it’s socket
Held in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament

Answer 10

Gomphoses

Question 11

Two joints linked by cartilage

Answer 11

Cartilaginous joints

Question 12

Non-movable joint, CT is hyaline cartilage

Answer 12

Synchondroses

Question 13

Slightly movable joint, the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones

Answer 13

Symphyses

Question 14

Locations for Synchondroses joints

Answer 14

Epiphyseal plate in children, first attachment of ribs to sternum

Question 15

locations for symphyses joints

Answer 15

pubic bone and bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs

Question 16

A joint where two bones are separated by a space called the synovial cavity
most are freely movable, most structurally complex, most likely to develop pain dysfunction

Answer 16

Diarthrosis or Synovial joints

Question 17

A sleeve-like capsule that surrounds the synovial cavity
Outer: Dense CT flexible and high tensile strength
Inner: Areolar CT produces synovial fluid

Answer 17

Articular Capsule

Question 18

Secreted by synovial membrane
reduces friction by lubricating the joint
supplies oxygen to cartilage
removes waste

Answer 18

Synovial Fluid

Question 19

four types of movement of synovial joints

Answer 19

Gliding
Angular movement
Rotation
Special Movements

Question 20

Simple back-and-forth and side-to-side movement

Answer 20

gliding

Question 21

Increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
includes: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Answer 21

Angular movements

Question 22

Movement that decreases the joint angle

Answer 22

Flexion

Question 23

movement that straightens a joint and generally returns the body to a zero position

Answer 23

extension

Question 24

further extension of a joint beyond the zero position

Answer 24

hyperextension

Question 25

movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Answer 25

abduction

Question 26

ex. raise arm over back or front of head

Answer 26

hyperabduction

Question 27

movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline

Answer 27

adduction

Question 28

ex. crossing fingers, crossing ankles

Answer 28

hyperadduction

Question 29

a movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

Answer 29

elevation

Question 30

lowers a body part in the same plane

Answer 30

Depression

Question 31

the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

Answer 31

protraction

Question 32

posterior movement

Answer 32

retraction

Question 33

one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion sequence of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction movements

Answer 33

circumduction

Question 34

movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis

Answer 34

rotation

Question 35

rotation turns the bone inwards

Answer 35

medial or internal rotation

Question 36

rotation turns the bone outwards

Answer 36

lateral or external rotation

Question 37

forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward

Answer 37

supination

Question 38

forearm movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward radius crosses stationary ulna like an X

Answer 38

pronation

Question 39

what regions make these movements: flexion, hyperextension, and lateral flexion of vertebral column

Answer 39

Movements of the head and trunk

Question 40

right or left movement from the zero position common in mandible

Answer 40

lateral excursion

Question 41

movement back to the median, zero position common in mandible

Answer 41

medial excursion

Question 42

move thumb away from index finger 90°

Answer 42

radial abduction

Question 43

moves thumb away from hand and points it anteriorly

Answer 43

palmar abduction

Question 44

Primarily permit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements Intercarpal & intertarsal joints

Answer 44

Planar joints

Question 45

Produce an opening and closing motion like that of a door Permit only flexion and extension Knee and elbow

Answer 45

Hinge joints

Question 46

Surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone Joints that enable the palms to turn anteriorly and posteriorly

Answer 46

Pivot Joints

Question 47

The projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone Wrist

Answer 47

Condyloid joint

Question 48

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the “saddle” Thumb

Answer 48

saddle joint

Question 49

Ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone Shoulder and hip

Answer 49

Ball-and-socket joints

Question 50

What joint do some infants, rarely, suffer congenital dislocation from?

Answer 50

Hip joint

Question 51

Pads of cartilage lie between the articular surfaces of the bones Allow bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly

Answer 51

menisci (plural)

Question 52

Which ligaments are most common to injure in the knee?

Answer 52

Meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Question 53

procedure in which the interior of the joint is viewed with a pencil-thin arthroscope inserted through a small incision

Answer 53

Arthroscopy

Question 54

Sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid Located between tendons, ligaments and bones Cushion the movement of these body parts

Answer 54

Bursae

Question 55

Wrap around tendons Reduce friction at joints

Answer 55

tendon sheaths

Question 56

Refers to the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved

Answer 56

range of motion

Question 57

Factors contribute to keeping the articular surfaces in contact and affect range of motion: 1st 2 factors

Answer 57

Structure or shape of the articulating bones: Shape of bones determines how closely they fit together Strength and tension of the joint ligaments: Ligaments are tense when the joint is in certain positions Tense ligaments restrict the range of motion

Question 58

Factors contribute to keeping the articular surfaces in contact and affect range of motion: Factors 3,4,5,6

Answer 58

Arrangement and tension of the muscles: Muscle tension reinforces the restraint placed on a joint by its ligaments , and thus restricts movement Contact of soft parts: The point at which one body surface contacts another may limit mobility Movement be restricted by the presence of adipose tissue Hormones: Flexibility may also be affected by hormones Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and loosens the ligaments between the sacrum and hip bone toward the end of pregnancy Disuse: Movement may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an extended period

Question 59

any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum.

Answer 59

Lever

Question 60

Has fulcrum in the middle between effort and resistance (EFR)

Answer 60

first class lever

Question 61

occipital joint lies between the muscles on the back of the neck and the weight of the face

Answer 61

Atlanto

Question 62

Resistance between fulcrum and effort (FRE) Resistance from the muscle tone of the temporalis muscle lies between the jaw joint and the pull of the digastric muscle on the chin as it opens the mouth quickly

Answer 62

Second-class lever

Question 63

Effort between the resistance and the fulcrum (REF) Most joints of the body The effort applied by the biceps muscle is applied to the forearm between the elbow joint and the weight of the hand and the forearm

Answer 63

Third-class lever

Question 64

Advantages of levers

Answer 64

to exert more force against a resisting object than the force applied to the lever ex. human moving a heavy object with help of crowbar

Question 65

mechanical advantage (MA) of a lever

Answer 65

the ratio of its output force to its input force

Question 66

Articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Answer 66

Temporomandibular joint

Question 67

divided into superior and inferior chambers by an articular disc

Answer 67

Synovial cavity of the TMJ

Question 68

prevents posterior displacement of mandible

Answer 68

lateral ligament

Question 69

ligament on the medial side of the mandible

Answer 69

sphenomandibular ligament

Question 70

Combined hinge and planar joint formed by the mandible and the temporal bone Only movable joint between skull bones Only the mandible moves A wide variety of motions Combines elements of condylar, hinge, and plane joints

Answer 70

Temporomandibular joint

Question 71

Moderate intermittent facial pain Clicking sounds in the jaw Limitation of jaw movement Headaches, vertigo (dizziness), tinnitus (ringing in the ears) Pain radiating from jaw down the neck, shoulders, and back

Answer 71

Signs and symptoms of TMJ syndrome

Question 72

Caused by combination of psychological tension and malocclusion (misalignment of teeth)

Answer 72

Cause of TMJ syndrome

Question 73

Psychological management, physical therapy, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, corrective dental appliances to align teeth.

Answer 73

Treatment for TMJ Syndrome

Question 74

May result in decreased production of synovial fluid The articular cartilage becomes thinner Ligaments shorten and lose some of their flexibility

Answer 74

Results of aging joints

Question 75

What helps minimize the effects of aging in joints?

Answer 75

Stretching and aerobic exercises

Question 76

Any painful disorder of supporting system

Answer 76

Rheumatism

Question 77

Rheumatism of joints Affects ~ 45 million in US Leading cause of disability in those > 65 yrs.

Answer 77

Arthritis

Question 78

Degenerative joint disease, cartilage gradually lost. Basically “wear and tear” Decay of articular cartilage - new bone formation at joint margins - spurs Factors: Aging Obesity Irritation of joints (prior injury) Muscle weakness

Answer 78

Osteoarthritis

Question 79

Autoimmune disease Inflammation of synovial membranes Membrane thickens, synovial fluid accumulates - swelling Synovial membrane produces “pannus” - adheres to and erodes articular cartilage With cartilage loss, fibrous tissue joins bones, calcifies to fuse joint.

Answer 79

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 80

Joints may be replaced surgically with artificial joints Most commonly replaced are the hips, knees, and shoulders

Answer 80

Arthroplasty

Question 81

replacements involve only the femur

Answer 81

Partial hip replacement

Question 82

replacements involve both the acetabulum and head of the femur

Answer 82

total hip replacements

Question 83

Actually a resurfacing of cartilage and may be partial or total

Answer 83

knee replacements

Question 84

include infection, blood clots, loosening or dislocation of the replacement components, and nerve injury

Answer 84

Potential complications of arthroplasty