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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Any point where two bones meet whether or not they are moveable at that surface

A

Joint or Articulation

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2
Q

How are joint names typically named?

A

Typically they are named off of the bones that they are involved with.

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3
Q

An immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossify, and they become a single bone

A

Bony Joints or Synostosis

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4
Q

A point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other.

A

Fibrous or Synarthrosis

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5
Q

Immovable or slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull together

A

Sutures

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6
Q

Overlapping beveled edges

A

Lap or Squamous Sutures

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7
Q

straight, non-overlapping edges

A

Plane or Butt Sutures

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8
Q

Interlocking wavy lines

A

serrate sutures

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9
Q

Bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers, giving the bones more mobility

A

Syndesmosis
ex. the radius and ulna and the tibia and fibula

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10
Q

Attachment of a tooth to it’s socket
Held in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament

A

Gomphoses

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11
Q

Two joints linked by cartilage

A

Cartilaginous joints

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12
Q

Non-movable joint, CT is hyaline cartilage

A

Synchondroses

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13
Q

Slightly movable joint, the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones

A

Symphyses

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14
Q

Locations for Synchondroses joints

A

Epiphyseal plate in children, first attachment of ribs to sternum

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15
Q

locations for symphyses joints

A

pubic bone and bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs

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16
Q

A joint where two bones are separated by a space called the synovial cavity
most are freely movable, most structurally complex, most likely to develop pain dysfunction

A

Diarthrosis or Synovial joints

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17
Q

A sleeve-like capsule that surrounds the synovial cavity
Outer: Dense CT flexible and high tensile strength
Inner: Areolar CT produces synovial fluid

A

Articular Capsule

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18
Q

Secreted by synovial membrane
reduces friction by lubricating the joint
supplies oxygen to cartilage
removes waste

A

Synovial Fluid

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19
Q

four types of movement of synovial joints

A

Gliding
Angular movement
Rotation
Special Movements

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20
Q

Simple back-and-forth and side-to-side movement

A

gliding

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21
Q

Increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
includes: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

A

Angular movements

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22
Q

Movement that decreases the joint angle

A

Flexion

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23
Q

movement that straightens a joint and generally returns the body to a zero position

A

extension

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24
Q

further extension of a joint beyond the zero position

A

hyperextension

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25
Q

movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

A

abduction

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26
Q

ex. raise arm over back or front of head

A

hyperabduction

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27
Q

movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline

A

adduction

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28
Q

ex. crossing fingers, crossing ankles

A

hyperadduction

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29
Q

a movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

A

elevation

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30
Q

lowers a body part in the same plane

A

Depression

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31
Q

the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

A

protraction

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32
Q

posterior movement

A

retraction

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33
Q

one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
sequence of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction movements

A

circumduction

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34
Q

movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis

A

rotation

35
Q

rotation turns the bone inwards

A

medial or internal rotation

36
Q

rotation turns the bone outwards

A

lateral or external rotation

37
Q

forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward

A

supination

38
Q

forearm movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward
radius crosses stationary ulna like an X

A

pronation

39
Q

what regions make these movements: flexion, hyperextension, and lateral flexion of vertebral column

A

Movements of the head and trunk

40
Q

right or left movement from the zero position
common in mandible

A

lateral excursion

41
Q

movement back to the median, zero position
common in mandible

A

medial excursion

42
Q

move thumb away from index finger 90°

A

radial abduction

43
Q

moves thumb away from hand and points it anteriorly

A

palmar abduction

44
Q

Primarily permit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements
Intercarpal & intertarsal joints

A

Planar joints

45
Q

Produce an opening and closing motion like that of a door
Permit only flexion and extension
Knee and elbow

A

Hinge joints

46
Q

Surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone
Joints that enable the palms to turn anteriorly and posteriorly

A

Pivot Joints

47
Q

The projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone
Wrist

A

Condyloid joint

48
Q

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the “saddle”
Thumb

A

saddle joint

49
Q

Ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone
Shoulder and hip

A

Ball-and-socket joints

50
Q

What joint do some infants, rarely, suffer congenital dislocation from?

A

Hip joint

51
Q

Pads of cartilage lie between the articular surfaces of the bones
Allow bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly

A

menisci (plural)

52
Q

Which ligaments are most common to injure in the knee?

A

Meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

53
Q

procedure in which the interior of the joint is viewed with a pencil-thin arthroscope inserted through a small incision

A

Arthroscopy

54
Q

Sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid
Located between tendons, ligaments and bones
Cushion the movement of these body parts

A

Bursae

55
Q

Wrap around tendons
Reduce friction at joints

A

tendon sheaths

56
Q

Refers to the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved

A

range of motion

57
Q

Factors contribute to keeping the articular surfaces in contact and affect range of motion: 1st 2 factors

A

Structure or shape of the articulating bones:
Shape of bones determines how closely they fit together
Strength and tension of the joint ligaments:
Ligaments are tense when the joint is in certain positions
Tense ligaments restrict the range of motion

58
Q

Factors contribute to keeping the articular surfaces in contact and affect range of motion: Factors 3,4,5,6

A

Arrangement and tension of the muscles:
Muscle tension reinforces the restraint placed on a joint by its ligaments , and thus restricts movement
Contact of soft parts:
The point at which one body surface contacts another may limit mobility
Movement be restricted by the presence of adipose tissue
Hormones:
Flexibility may also be affected by hormones
Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and loosens the ligaments between the sacrum and hip bone toward the end of pregnancy
Disuse:
Movement may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an extended period

59
Q

any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum.

A

Lever

60
Q

Has fulcrum in the middle between effort and resistance (EFR)

A

first class lever

61
Q

occipital joint lies between the muscles on the back of the neck and the weight of the face

A

Atlanto

62
Q

Resistance between fulcrum and effort (FRE)
Resistance from the muscle tone of the temporalis muscle lies between the jaw joint and the pull of the digastric muscle on the chin as it opens the mouth quickly

A

Second-class lever

63
Q

Effort between the resistance and the fulcrum (REF)
Most joints of the body
The effort applied by the biceps muscle is applied to the forearm between the elbow joint and the weight of the hand and the forearm

A

Third-class lever

64
Q

Advantages of levers

A

to exert more force against a resisting object than the force applied to the lever
ex. human moving a heavy object with help of crowbar

65
Q

mechanical advantage (MA) of a lever

A

the ratio of its output force to its input force

66
Q

Articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

A

Temporomandibular joint

67
Q

divided into superior and inferior chambers by an articular disc

A

Synovial cavity of the TMJ

68
Q

prevents posterior displacement of mandible

A

lateral ligament

69
Q

ligament on the medial side of the mandible

A

sphenomandibular ligament

70
Q

Combined hinge and planar joint formed by the mandible and the temporal bone
Only movable joint between skull bones
Only the mandible moves
A wide variety of motions
Combines elements of condylar, hinge, and plane joints

A

Temporomandibular joint

71
Q

Moderate intermittent facial pain
Clicking sounds in the jaw
Limitation of jaw movement
Headaches, vertigo (dizziness), tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
Pain radiating from jaw down the neck, shoulders, and back

A

Signs and symptoms of TMJ syndrome

72
Q

Caused by combination of psychological tension and malocclusion (misalignment of teeth)

A

Cause of TMJ syndrome

73
Q

Psychological management, physical therapy, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, corrective dental appliances to align teeth.

A

Treatment for TMJ Syndrome

74
Q

May result in decreased production of synovial fluid
The articular cartilage becomes thinner
Ligaments shorten and lose some of their flexibility

A

Results of aging joints

75
Q

What helps minimize the effects of aging in joints?

A

Stretching and aerobic exercises

76
Q

Any painful disorder of supporting system

A

Rheumatism

77
Q

Rheumatism of joints
Affects ~ 45 million in US
Leading cause of disability in those > 65 yrs.

A

Arthritis

78
Q

Degenerative joint disease, cartilage gradually lost. Basically “wear and tear”
Decay of articular cartilage - new bone formation at joint margins - spurs
Factors:
Aging
Obesity
Irritation of joints (prior injury)
Muscle weakness

A

Osteoarthritis

79
Q

Autoimmune disease
Inflammation of synovial membranes
Membrane thickens, synovial fluid accumulates - swelling
Synovial membrane produces “pannus” - adheres to and erodes articular cartilage
With cartilage loss, fibrous tissue joins bones, calcifies to fuse joint.

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

80
Q

Joints may be replaced surgically with artificial joints
Most commonly replaced are the hips, knees, and shoulders

A

Arthroplasty

81
Q

replacements involve only the femur

A

Partial hip replacement

82
Q

replacements involve both the acetabulum and head of the femur

A

total hip replacements

83
Q

Actually a resurfacing of cartilage and may be partial or total

A

knee replacements

84
Q

include infection, blood clots, loosening or dislocation of the replacement components, and nerve injury

A

Potential complications of arthroplasty

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (14 decks)

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