Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 1 > The Interaugmentary system chapter 6 > Flashcards

The Interaugmentary system chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The Integumentary system

A

System of the body that includes skin, hair, nails, glands, blood vessels, muscles, and nerves. All relating to the structures of the skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dermatology

A

Medical specialty involving the diagnosis and treatment for disorders of the integumentary system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

another name for skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thick skin: where is it found and what makes it different from thin skin

A

Covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles of feet. It does not have hair cells or sebaceous glands that secrete oil to protect the skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thin skin: where it is found, and how it differs from thick skin

A

Found all over the body, wherever hair can be found, has hair cells and sebaceous cells that secrete oil to protect the hair and the skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Thermal regulation, blood reservoir, protection, sensation, excretion and absorption, and synthesizes vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of the skin, epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dermis

A

Inner thicker layer of the skin that consists of connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

A

attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Papillary region

A

Most superficial region of the dermis
Made of Areolar CT
Elastic fibers, Dermal Papillae that house capillaries, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reticular Region

A

Deeper portion of the dermis
consistes of irregular CT
Collagen, elastic fibers, adipocytes, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudiferous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Epidermal cell that produces keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Keratin

A

a tough fibrous protein that provides protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Melanocyte

A

Epidermal cell that produces melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Melanin

A

protects the dna against damage by UV radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Langerhans cells or dendritic cells

A

Involved in immune response and arise from the red bone marrow
produces macrophages that guard against toxins, pathogens, and microbes that penetrate the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Function int he sensation of touch along with the adjacent tactile discs(dermal nerve fiber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Order of the layers of the Epidermis from deep to superficial

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum Corneum

‘Come (lets) get sun burnt’ superficial to deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Stratum basale

A

a single layer of cuboidal stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane (melanocytes and tactile cells also scattered)
Stem cells of the basale replace lost epidermal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Several layers of keratinocytes
thickest stratum bsides corneum in thick skin
deepest cells still perform mitosis
produce more keratin filaments, flattening cells to squamous
dendritic(langerhans) cells found here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes
dark-staining keratohyalin granules that produce filaggrin that binds keratin filaments into bundles
produces lipid filled membrane that coats vesicles calles lamellar granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lamellar granules

A

Lipid filled membrane that coats vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

keratohyalin granules

A

dark-staining
produces filaggrin that binds keratin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Only found in thick skin
translucent
keratinocytes are densely packed with eleidin
cells have no nucleus or other organelles
pale featureless appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

up to 30 layers of scaly keratinized cells
durable surface layer that exfoliates
resistant to abrasion, penetration adn water loss
pH 4-6 acid for protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

eumelanin

A

brownish black melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

pheomelanin

A

a reddish yellow-sulfur containing pigment
type of melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hemoglobin

A

red pigment of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

carotene

A

yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange veggies
concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blueness of the skin from oxygen deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Erythema

A

Abnormal redness of the skin due to dialted cutaneous vessels (exercise, sunburn, anger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

pallor

A

pale or ashen color when there is little blood flow
white comes from the collagen that shows through the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Albinism

A

Genetic lack of melanin, white hair, pale skin and pink eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

vitiligo

A

condition where there is partial or complete loss of melanocytes in patches of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Tyrosinase

A

Allele that determines melanin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Jaundice

A

yellowing of skin and sclera due to excess of bilirubin in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Dermal papillae

A

upward finger-like extensions of the dermis
create the ridges in fingers that help with friction and leave fingerprints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Lines of cleavage

A

tension lines in skin indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

reflect contours of dermal papillae
from the basis of fingerprints and friction for grip

40
Q

Flexion lines

A

marks where skin folds during flexion of joints

41
Q

freckles and moles

A

aggregations of melanocytes
should be monitered for changes in color, size, and contour, could point to skin cancer (malignancy)

42
Q

Hemangiomas

A

birthmarks, patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries
Capillary hemangiomas, cavernous, and port-wine stain

43
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

associated with hair follicles
produce sebum and oily substance

44
Q

sebum

A

produced by sebaceous glands
mix of proteins, lipids, and cholesterol
coats hair and protects from drying
keeps skin soft
Is a microbial inhibitor

45
Q

Merocrine (Eccrine) Sudiferous gland

A

Sweat gland that is located widely
Thermoregulation: head first
Stress response: palms and axillae first
Odorless
99%water

46
Q

Apocrine Sudiferous glands

A

MInor type located in axillae, groin, areole, and bearded faceial regions
formation in onset of puberty
open during emotional sweating and with sexual excitement
thicker and milkier, when trapped in clothing bacteria break it down to produce rancid odor.
in other organisms this is where pheromones are released

47
Q

mammary glands

A

modified sweat glands
15-20 glands separated by adipose tissue

48
Q

Function of Mammary glands

A

Lactation
are fromed when triggered by prolactin, estrogen and progesterone
release stimulated by oxytocin

49
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

modified sweat glands located int eh ear
mixes with nearby sebaceous glands to produce cerumin

50
Q

Cerumen

A

earwax
provides a sticky barrier to protect against foreign bodies in the ear canal

51
Q

Pili or Hairs function

A

protection
reduction of heat loss
sensing light touch
protection against sunburn on scalp

52
Q

Composition of hair or pili

A

Shaft- extends beyond the skin
root- penetrates into the dermis
grows from follicle in dermis
bulb- a swelling at the base of the follicle where hair originates in the dermis or hypodermis

53
Q

guard hairs or vibrissae

A

guard nostrils, ear canals, eyes (eyebrows and eyelashes)

54
Q

Lanugo

A

Fine-downy hair that appears on fetus and lasts about three months of development

55
Q

vellus

A

fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by the time of birth
two thirds of hair on women
one tenth on men
all hair on children besides eyebrows/lashes, and scalp

56
Q

Terminal

A

longer, coarser hair, heavily pigmented
forms eyebrows/lashes,a dn hair on scalp
after puberty froms axillary and pubic hair
male facial hair and some on trunk and limbs

57
Q

Dermal papilla

A

bud of vascular CT encased by the bulb of the hair follicle
provides hair with nutrition

58
Q

Hair matrix

A

Region of mitotically active cells immediately above the papilla
hair’s growth center

59
Q

piloerector muscle

A

bundles of smooth muscle cells
extends from dermal collagen to CT root sheath
goose bumps

60
Q

How is hair texture determined?

A

Differences in cross-sectional shape of hair

61
Q

What shapes determine each hair type

A

straight hair is round
wavy hair is oval
curly hair is relatively flat

62
Q

What causes different hair colors?

A

pigment granules in the cells of the cortex

63
Q

What cell distributions of eumelanin and pheomelanin cause different hair colors?

A

brown and black hair is rich in eumelanin
red hair has slight eumel. and high concentration of pheomelanin
blond is intermediate pheomelanin and low eumelanin
gray and white hair means scarcity of melanin in the cortex and the presence of air in the medulla

64
Q

Hair growth cycle anagen

A

growth cycle
stem cells multiply and travel downward

65
Q

Hair cycle categen

A

degenerative stage where mitosis ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die
loses anchorage, easily pulled out

66
Q

hair cycle telogen

A

resting stage
papilla reach the bulge

67
Q

alopecia

A

thinning of hair or baldness

68
Q

pattern baldness

A

condition where hair loss is region specific rather than uniform like alopecia

69
Q

hirsutism

A

excessive hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy

70
Q

Nails

A

Keratinized epidermal cells
similar to stratum corneum, grows from matrix like hair cells

71
Q

Eponychium

A

Cuticle

72
Q

Hyponychium

A

nail bed

73
Q

Nail body

A

plate of the nail

74
Q

What are the three steps of Epidermal wound healing

A

1: Cells of the stratum basale multiply and migrate to fill the wound on the deepest layer
2: the migrating cells stop migrating when they contact each other
3: additional cell divisions repopulate all of the epidermal layers

75
Q

What are the four phases of Deep wound healing

A

Inflammatory phase
Migratory phase
Proliferative phase
Maturation phase

76
Q

Inflammatory phase of deep wound hearing

A

blood clotting, inflammatory events, scab formation

77
Q

Migratory phase of deep wound healing

A

epithelial cells migrate into wound beneath the scab

78
Q

Proliferative phase of deep wound healing

A

growth of cells beneath scab

79
Q

Maturation phase of deep wound healing

A

scab sloughs off, scars may form

80
Q

Fibrosis

A

Scar tissue formation
more dense collagen fibers
less hair, glands, and sensory nerves
less flexible

81
Q

eschar

A

burned, dead tissue

82
Q

debridement

A

removal of eschar

83
Q

First degree burns

A

partial thickness burns, only involves the epidermis
redness, slight edema and pain
heal in a few days
ex: sunburn

84
Q

Second degree burns

A

Involves the epidermis and part of the dermis
leaves part of the dermis intact
red, tan, or white
two weeks to several months to heal,, scars
blistered and very painful

85
Q

Third degree burn

A

full thickness burn
the epidermis and all of the dermis
often deeper CT like muscle and bone are destroyed
often requires skin grafts
needs fluid replacement and infection control

86
Q

Autograft

A

tissue taken from another location on the same person’s body

87
Q

Isograft

A

taking skin from an identical twin

88
Q

homograft or allograft

A

taken from another person (immune system rejection)

89
Q

heterograft or xenograft

A

skin from another species like pig or fish (immune system rejection)

90
Q

Other types of temporary grafts

A

Amnion form afterbirth
artificial skin from silicone or collagen

91
Q

UVA

A

long wavelength UV rays, penetrate deeper and trigger melanocytes
(Both UVA and UVB can cause photosensitivity and skin cancer)

92
Q

UVB

A

shorter wavelength
less penetration, more energy - damaging
kills keratinocytes - infalmmation (itching, peeling, nausea, fever)
(Both UVA and UVB can cause photosensitivity and skin cancer)

93
Q

Skin Cancer

A

Most common type of cancer
easiest to treat
Three types based on origin of epidermal cells: Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant malanoma

94
Q

Skin cancer: Basal cell carcinoma

A

most common type of skin cancer
least dangerous because it seldom metastasizes
froms from cells in stratum basale
lesion is a shiny bump with central depression and beaded edges

95
Q

Skin Cancer: Squamous cell carcinoma

A

arise form keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum
lesions on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand
have raised, reddened scaly appearance
chance of recovery good with early detection adn removal
tends to metastasize to lymph nodes and become lethal

96
Q

Skin cancer: Malignant melanoma

A

ariszes from melanocytes
often in a preexisting mole
least common but most deadly
treated surgically if caught early
metastasizes fast and is unresponsive to chemo, usually fatal
usually only live 6 months from diagnosis
greatest risk in familial history, men, redheads, and people that experience severe sunburns in childhood

97
Q

ABCD rule fro malignancy of moles

A

Asymmetry
border irregularity
color- mixture of. colors or color changes
diameter greater than 6mm

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions