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Anatomy > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A
  1. 206 Bones
  2. 230 Joints
  3. Cartilage
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2
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support and shape
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral Reservoir
  5. Blood Cell Formation
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3
Q

How does the skeletal system offer a support and shape function?

A

The skeletal system provides a supporting framework for the body.

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4
Q

How does the skeletal system offer a protective function?

A

The skeletal system protects vital organs. E.g. skull protects the brain, rib cage protects the heart and lungs.

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5
Q

How does the skeletal system provide a movement function?

A

Bones and joints constitute levers. Muscles are anchored firmly to bones as muscles contract and shorten; they pull on bones, producing movement at a joint.

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6
Q

One of the functions of bones/skeletal system is mineral reservoir. What kind of minerals do bones store?

A

Bones store calcium, phosphorus and other certain minerals.

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7
Q

What is normal body calcium dependent on?

A

Normal body calcium is dependent on rate of calcium movement between blood and bone.

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8
Q

What does a calcium poor diet result in?

A

A calcium poor diet results in calcium stores depleting in the bone.

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9
Q

What is the vital process carried on by red bone marrow?

A

Blood cell formation is the vital process that is carried on by red bone marrow.

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10
Q

What do bones contain in infants and what happens as infants get older?

A

In an infant, all bones contain red bone marrow but, as a child gets older, much of it is transformed into yellow bone marrow.

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11
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

Yellow bone marrow is inactive fatty tissue.

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12
Q

What are some main sources of red bone marrow in adults?

A

The main sources of red bone marrow in adults are the sternum, spinal column, base of skull, upper arm and thigh.

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13
Q

Why can’t we survive without red bone marrow?

A

We can’t survive without red bone marrow, because it forms blood cells.

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of bones?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones.

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15
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A

Arms and legs

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16
Q

What are some examples of short bones?

A

Wrist and ankle

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17
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A

Ribs and skull

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18
Q

What are some examples of irregular bones?

A

Face bones, ear bones, spine or vertebrae.

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19
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The diaphysis is the main shaft like portion of the long bone. It is hollow and cylindrical in shape and provides strong support without cumbersome weight. It is composed of thick compact bone.

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20
Q

What is the epiphyses?

A

The epiphyses is both ends of a long bone. The bulbous shape of bone ends provides generous space near joints for muscle attachment and gives stability to joints.

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21
Q

What fills spaces of spongy bone in most adult epiphyses? And what is the exception to this?

A

Yellow marrow fills spaces of spongy bone in most adult epiphyses; but not in proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur. These contain red marrow.

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22
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Articular cartilage is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage (glassy, translucent) that covers joint surfaces of epiphysis.

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23
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The periosteum is a dense white fibrous membrane that covers bone, except at joint surfaces.

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24
Q

How are muscles anchored to the bone?

A

Muscle tendon fibres interlace with periosteal fibres, anchoring muscles firmly to the bone.

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25
Q

What composes the inner layer of the periosteum?

A

Bone forming cells called osteoblasts, compose the inner layer of periosteum.

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26
Q

What is the periosteum essential for and why?

A

Because the periosteum contains many small blood vessels osteoblasts it is essential for bone cell survival and bone formation.

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27
Q

What is the medullary (or bone marrow) cavity and what does it contain?

A

The medullary cavity is a tube like hollow in diaphysis of long bones. In adults it contains yellow marrow.

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28
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The endosteum is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity of long bones.

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29
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Compact bone is hard and dense and it makes up the main shaft of the long bone and the outer layer of other bones.

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30
Q

How are short, flat and irregular bones composed?

A

These types of bones have an inner potion of spongy bone, covered over with compact bone. Spongy bone has more spaces than compact bone.

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31
Q

What fills the spaces of spongy bone?

A

Red marrow fills spaces in spongy inside a few irregular and flat bone (e.g. vertebrae)

32
Q

What does bone consist of?

A

Bone consists of living cells and non living intercellular material.

33
Q

What does intercellular material contain?

A

Intercellular material (called matrix of bone) is much more abundant than bone cells and it contains many fibres of collagen (the body’s most abundant protein)

34
Q

How does bone differ from other connective tissue?

A

Bone differs from other connective tissue, in that it is rigid, not soft and flexible; it is calcified (has calcium in it)

35
Q

What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?

A

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

36
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

The axial skeleton has 74 bones that form the upright axis of the body and 6 middle ear bones. (Framework of skull and trunk.)

37
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones that form appendages (including the shoulders and hips)

38
Q

How many bones form the skull?

A

28 irregular shaped bones form the skull.

39
Q

What are the two divisions of skull bones?

A
  1. Cranium (brain case)

2. Face

40
Q

How many bones are in the cranium and what are they?

A 
The cranium is formed by 8 bones. 
Parietal - 2
Ethmoid - 1
Sphenoid - 1
Temporal - 2
Occipital - 1
Frontal - 1
41
Q

How many bones form the face and what are they?

A 
The face is formed by 14 bones. 
Lacrimal - 2
Inferior Nasal Conchae - 2
Mandible - 1
Palatine - 2
Maxillary - 2
Zygomatic - 2
Nasal - 2 
Vomer - 1
42
Q

What are 2 bones that are found in the cranium that have pairs?

A

The temporal and the parietal.

43
Q

What are 2 bones in the face bones that are singular? (no pairs)

A

The mandible and the vomer.

44
Q

What do vertebrae form?

A

Vertebrae form the spinal column which is a flexible column.

45
Q

What do the joints between vertebrae do?

A

Joints between vertebrae permit forward, backward, and sideways movement of column.

46
Q

What are the 5 types of vertebrae of the spinal column and how many are there of each?

A 
1 - Cervical vertebrae (7)
2 - Thoracic vertebrae (12)
3 - Lumbar vertebrae (5)
4 - Sacrum (1)
5 - Coccyx (1)
47
Q

What is the sternum?

A

The sternum is also called the breast bone and it is shaped like a dagger.

48
Q

What can be extracted from the sternum and why?

A

Red bone marrow can be drawn up in a syringe by inserting a needle through the skin and bone; The marrow can then be examined for abnormal or normal cells.

49
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

There are 12 pairs of ribs.

50
Q

What are some differences between male and female skeletons?

A
  1. Male skeleton is generally larger and heavier.
  2. Male pelvis is deep and funnel shaped, with narrow pubic arch; females pelvis is shallow, broad, flaring with wider pubic arch.
51
Q

What happens to our bones as we age? When do these changes become evident in males and females respectively?

A

As bones grow old, they lose calcium. In women, this starts to occur after the 40th year. Typically in men it begins considerably later.

52
Q

What does a decrease in calcium content of bone increase the risk of and what bone is particularly vulnerable to this?

A

Decrease in calcium content of bones increases danger of fractures. The femur is especially vulnerable to this.

53
Q

How can you prevent the loss of calcium and weakening of bone?

A

No one knows how to prevent these changes in bone, however exercise and a diet rich in calcium, slows the rate of calcium loss from bone.

54
Q

What is the most common bone disease?

A

Osteoporosis.

55
Q

How do we develop bone disease?

A

Bone disease happens through generalized decrease in organic matrix (intercellular material) of bone. And through thinning of intervertebral disks (which act as shock absorbers) = loss of flexibility.

56
Q

How does bone grow in length?

A

Growth in length by continual thickening of epiphyseal (articular) cartilage followed by ossification. (Ossification means replacement of cartilage by bone.)

57
Q

How do bones grow in diameter?

A

Growth in diameter - medullary cavity enlarged by osteoclasts destroying bone around it, while new bone os added around outside by osteoblasts (build)

58
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells.

59
Q

How does bone formation and destruction occur throughout life?

A

Opposing processes of bone tissue formation and destruction (resorption) go on concurrently throughout life.

  1. Bone formation exceeds resorption during growth years (infancy to adolescence)
  2. Bone formation and resorption balance each other during young adulthood.
  3. After young adulthood (Age 35-40 years) more bone resorption, than formed; weaker and fracture more easily.
60
Q

What are 3 factors that affect the development of bone?

A

Genetics, nutrition, and hormones.

61
Q

How do genetics affect the development of bone?

A

Individual characteristics such as length and thickness of bones are inherited.

62
Q

What kind of diet helps maintain healthy bone development?

A

A balanced diet high in vitamin D and minerals such as calcium maintains healthy bone development.

63
Q

Why is vitamin D important for bone health?

A

Vitamin D produced in the skin helps the bones absorb calcium which is needed to keep them strong and healthy.

64
Q

What does a lack of vitamin D in children result in?

A

In children a lack of vitamin D results in the malformation of bones - a condition called rickets.

65
Q

How do hormones influence bone growth?

A

Hormones affect the growth and development of bones. they are sent via the blood supply to the bones and are responsible for informing the bones about when to stop growing.

66
Q

How does cartilage differ from and resemble bone?

A

Cartilage differs from bone in that it has the flexibility of a firm plastic material but is also bone rigid like hard metal.

67
Q

Does cartilage have blood vessels?

A

No, cartilage does not have blood vessels.

68
Q

What is your skeleton originally formed out of and how long does it take for bones to mature completely?

A

The skeleton is originally formed in hyaline cartilage and fibrous membranes. These are mostly changed into bone before birth; but the process is not complete until 25 years old.

69
Q

How do the bones respond to stress and exercise?

A

Walking, jogging and other forms of exercise subject the bones to stress. When this happens the bones respond by laying down more collage fibre, and mineral salts which makes the bones stronger. Inactivity weakens bones.

70
Q

What are articulations?

A

Articulations in the body are joints between bones.

71
Q

What are articulations purpose?

A
  1. Hold bones firmly bound to one another or spine.

2. Permit movement between them.

72
Q

What are 3 classifications of articulations according to movement?

A

Synarthrosis - immovable joints. i.e suture line of skull
Amphirarthrosis - slightly moveable joints. i.e. ribs
Diathrosis - freely moveable joints. i.e. knee

73
Q

What is the most common age change disease for joints?

A

Degenerative change called osteoarthritis. Begins with thinning of articular cartilage and results in limiting of joints range of movement.

74
Q

How is osteoarthritis treated?

A

Joints can be replaced by surgical procedure; artificial joints are put in place.

75
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis is painful inflammation of synovial membrane (keeps lubricating fluid in joint). Most common in ages 40-60 but ca affect people of any age.

76
Q

What happens over time with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Granulation tissue forms on articular cartilages of affected joints, in time may erode not only the cartilages but also bone and even ligaments and tendons of the area.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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