Myology Flashcards
What do muscle tissues look like and what are they called?
- Cells of muscle are thread like
- Called muscle fibres
What are the three kinds of muscular tissue?
- Skeletal muscle tissue
- Visceral muscle tissue
- Cardiac muscle tissue
What are striations?
Striations are stripes or banded
Is skeletal muscle tissue striated or non striated?
Striated or striated voluntary
Is visceral muscle tissue striated or non striated?
Non striated involuntary or smooth
Is cardiac muscle tissue striated or non striated?
Striated involuntary
What nervous system controls skeletal muscle tissue?
Somatic voluntary
What nervous system controls visceral muscle tissue?
Involuntary
What nervous system controls cardiac muscle tissue?
Involuntary
What are some descriptions of skeletal muscle tissue?
- Composes muscles attached to bones
- Many nuclei per cell
- Many cross striations of tissue
- Combines with connective tissue to cause movement
What are some descriptions of visceral muscle tissue?
- Found in the walls of viscera (hollow internal organs)
- One nucleus per cell
- No cross striations, smooth appearance
What are some examples of viscera?
- Stomach
- Intestines
- Blood vessels
What are some descriptions of cardiac muscle tissue?
- Makes up walls of heart
- Cross striations and unique dark bands
- Nuclei - sometimes one or sometimes many
What are muscle cells?
Movement specialists of the body; they make movement by contracting - getting shorter.
How much of our body weight do muscles make up?
40 to 50% of body weight
What do muscles have a lighter degree of than any other tissue cells?
Contractility - the ability to shorten, or to increase in tension or to contract
How are skeletal muscles different from each other?
- Structure
- Size
- Shape
- Fibre Arrangement
What are skeletal muscles?
Organs
What are skeletal muscle organs composed of?
Bundles of skeletal muscle fibres that generally extend the length of the muscle.
What do skeletal muscles mainly consist of?
- Skeletal muscle tissue
- Connective tissue
- Nervous tissue components
What envelopes each muscle?
A fibrous connective sheath envelopes each muscle and extends into it as partitions between bundles of its fibres and between individual fibres.
How is the connective sheath that envelopes each muscle helpful in anchoring muscle to bone?
These structures are continuous with the fibrous structures (tendons and aponeurosis) that attach muscles to bones or other structures. Muscles are therefore very firmly harnessed to the structures they pull on during contractions.
What does the connective sheath look like and what is it attached too?
May be continuous with the fibrous tissue that extends from the muscle as a tendon a strong tough cord, continuous at its other end with fibrous covering of bone (periosteum)
What is a tendon?
A cord of fibrous connective tissue attaches a muscle to a bone.
What is an aponeurosis?
A broad flat shell of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or other muscle.
Why are injuries to tendons and aponeurosis uncommon?
Occasionally tendons and aponeurosis are pulled away from the bones. However they are so strong and tough that they are not often torn, even by injuries forceful enough to break bones or tear muscles.
What do nerve cells transmit to skeletal muscles?
Impulses
What are muscles stimulated by for muscles to contract?
For muscles to contract they are stimulated through the nervous system by motor and sensory nerves.
What are nervous system disorders that affect skeletal muscles?
- M.S.
- Parkinsons
- Lou Gehrig’s disease
If there are fewer muscle fibres supplied is movement more precise or less precise?
- Fewer fibres supplied - more precise movement (I.e. hand/finger movement)
- In contrast - large abdominal muscles do not produce precise movement with hundreds of muscle fibres that are stimulated.
What do muscles that are damaged or dislocated cause?
Pain
May also cause immobility
What is a strain?
A strain is damage to the muscle or its tendon
What is a sprain?
A sprain is injury to a ligament
What is a ligament?
Any band of connective tissue connecting bones (bone to bone)
What are the functions of the muscular system?
- Movement of the body - locomotion of its parts
- Heat protection (catabolism in cells) - catabolism releases energy from nutrients. Active muscles generate large amounts of heat.
- Posture - continued partial contraction of many skeletal muscles make sitting, standing etc. possible
What happens when a muscle contracts and shortens?
One of its attachments usually remains fixed, and other one moves.
What is origin?
Origin is the term applied to the more fixed attachment; anchor of the muscle.
What is insertion?
Insertion applies to the more moveable attachment; movable section of muscle.
How does insertion usually move during contraction?
Insertion usually moves forward toward the origin during contraction.
In giving massage, what is the direction of pressure?
From insertion to origin.
How is the origin of muscle different than insertion?
The origin of muscle is almost always a different bone or tissue than its insertion.
What does the muscular system need in order to maintain the vital functions of muscles?
A balance of care
What are the things muscles need as a balance of care?
- Fluid
- Nutrition
- Rest
- Exercise
- Oxygen
- Age
Explain why you need to drink water before, after and during exercise.
- Before exercise to avoid dehydration
- During exercise due to loss via sweating
- During exercise to help body cool down
- After because it helps to “flush out” waste products produced in muscles as a result of energy production.
What are the foods necessary for muscle function?
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Proteins
- Vitamins
Why do muscles need carbohydrates?
Needed to produce energy
Why do muscles need protein?
Helps body to build muscle
Why do muscles need fats?
They provide a source of energy
What vitamins do muscles need?
Vitamins A, C, & E help muscles use oxygen and detoxify free radicals.
B Vitamins are essential for production of energy.
Why do muscles need rest?
Muscles require adequate resting time to compensate for the levels of activity they undertake.
Why do muscles need exercise?
Provides the body muscles with the means to develop increased levels of power, strength. speed, endurance and flexibility.
Why do muscles need oxygen?
Muscles need a good supply of oxygen to activate energy.
What happens to muscles as we age?
Muscles weaken with age and lack of activity.
What do weakened muscles and a lack of activity contribute to?
The formation of lines, wrinkles and dropped contours as weakened muscles are less able to resist the pull of gravity.
What is anatomical position?
Posture with face and toes directed forward, palms forward and heels and toes together.
Define anterior.
Near to front of body
Define posterior.
Near to back of the body
Define superior.
Above
Define inferior.
Below
Define medial.
Toward medial plane of the body
Define lateral.
Farther away from the median plane
Define volar.
Palm of hand.
Define plantar.
Sole of foot
Define proximal.
Nearer to point of origin.
Define distal.
Father from point of origin.
Define superficial.
Nearer to the surface.
Define deep.
Farther from the surface.
Define ipsilateral.
Same side.
Define contralateral.
Opposite side.
Define unilateral.
One side only.
Define bilateral.
Both sides.
Define flexion.
(Bending): Reduction of the angle between bone of body parts.
Define extension.
(Straighten): Increasing the angle between bones of body parts.
Define abduction.
Movement away from the median plane.
Define adduction.
Movement toward median plane.
Define reposition.
Return to the anatomical position.
Define elevation.
Movement superiorly (up).
Define depression.
Movement interiorly (down).
Define rotation.
Movement around the long axis of the body.
Define inversion of the foot.
Turning the sole toward the median plane or facing each other.
Define eversion of the foot.
Soles facing away from each other.
Define supination.
Lateral rotation of forearm.
Define pronate.
Medial rotation of forearm or foot.
Define prone.
Lying face down.
Define supine.
Lying face up.
Define side lying.
Lying on left or right side.
Describe the occipitofrontalis.
Broad muscle; parts connected by aponeurosis.
Two parts
1) Occipitalis
2) Frontalis
What is the function of the occipitofrontalis?
Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead horizontally. (Expression of concentration or surprise)
Describe the orbiculares oculi.
A circular muscle surrounding the eye.
What is the function of the orbiculares oculi?
Closes the eye
Contributes to fine lines that first appear at eyes (i.e. crows feet)
Describe the corrugator.
Situated between the eyebrows.
What is the function of the corrugator?
Wrinkles forehead vertically.
Draws eyebrows down and in.
Describe the procerus.
Covers bridge of nose (assists frontal muscle)
What is the function of the procerus?
Wrinkles skin over bridge of nose.
Describe the masseter.
Situated in the cheek.
What is the function of the masseter?
Closes jaw or mouth
Clenches teeth
Chewing
Describe the temporalis.
Situated at the side of the head.
What is the function of the temporalis?
Closes jaw
Clenches teeth
Retracts lower jaw
Describe the levator labii superioris.
Between masseter (cheek muscle) and nose.
What is the function of the levator labii superioris?
Raises upper lip
Dilates nostrils
Describe the depressor labii inferioris.
Situated between the triangular and mentalis muscles.
What is the function of the depressor labii inferioris?
Draws lower lip downward.
Describe the buccinator.
Between upper and lower jaws.
Flat muscles of cheeks.
What is the function of the buccinator?
Permits smiling and blowing as in playing a trumpet or whistling.
Chewing
Describe the mentalis.
Tip of chin.
What is the function of the mentalis?
Raises and protrudes lower lip as in doubt or displeasure.
Describe the orbiculares oris.
A circular flat band of muscle surrounding the mouth forming its shape during use.
What is the function of the orbiculares oris?
Closes and puckers lips, as in kissing or whistling.
Describe the risorius.
Situated in the lower cheek area and attached to corners of mouth.
What is the function of the risorius?
Retractes angle of mouth, as in grinning.
Helps buccinator with smiling.
Describe the zygomaticus.
Covering the zygomatic bones and attached to the muscles of the mouth.
What is the function of the zygomaticus?
Responsible for lifting the mouth and cheeks as we laugh.
Describe the platysma.
Broad muscle extending from chest and shoulder muscle, to side of chin.
What is the function of the platysma?
Depresses lower jaw and covers mouth, as in pouting/sadness
Contributes to necklace lines on the neck.
Describe the stereo-cleido mastoid.
Extends from temporal bone down to sides of neck.
What is the function of the stereo-cleido mastoid?
Flexes (bens) head (prayer muscle) forward.
Rotates head from side to side.
Describe the trapezius.
A large triangular muscle covering the back of the neck and upper back.
What is the function of the trapezius?
Raises shoulder and pulls it back.
Moves head to either side.
Describe the deltoid.
Large, thick, triangular shaped muscle covers shoulder and top of arm.
What is the function of the deltoid?
Assists in the movement at the shoulder joint, lifting the arms up, back and forwards.
Describe the bicep bracchii.
Front/inner part of upper arm
What is the function of the bicep bracchii?
Assists in the movement of the forearm, turns palms of hands out and bends elbow.
Describe the tricep bracchii.
Posterior upper arm.
What is the function of the tricep bracchii?
Extension of arm at elbow.
Describe the latissimus dorsi.
Large, flat muscle of the back. Extends to sides, partly covered by trapezius.
What is the function of the latissimus doors?
Rotates trunk and stabilizes back. Aids in extending shoulders, climbing.
How are the muscles in the forearm divided?
The forearm is divided into anterior & posterior muscle groups.
What are the muscle groups in the forearm responsible for?
Movement of forearm and forearm muscles, initiates movement in wrists, hands and fingers.
Do fingers have muscles?
No.
What are extrinsic muscles responsible for?
Extrinsic muscles are external to hand and activate stronger movements.
What are intrinsic muscles responsible for?
Intrinsic muscles are located in the hand (not fingers) and controls finer movements.
Describe the gluteus Maximus.
Largest muscle of the body.
Located posterior in buttock.
What is the function of the gluteus Maximus?
Extension and rotation of thigh, hip joint.
Keeps body upright, walking, running.
Describe the quadriceps
Four individual muscles that form the main bulk of anterior thigh.
What are the four individual muscles in the quadriceps?
- Vastus lateralis
- Vastus intermedius
- Vastus medialis
- Rectus femoris
What is the function of the quadriceps?
These muscles work together to stand, walk, jump, squat, flex hip, stabilize knee (palella)
Describe the sartorius.
Longest muscle in the body. Extends from front hip to inner tibia.
What is the function of the sartorius?
Helps to stabilize pelvis, rotate hip, flex at knee, sitting crossed legged.
Describe the gastrocnemius.
Posterior muscles of the lower leg, consists of 2 large bellies and 2 heads.
What is the function of the gastrocnemius?
Moves lower leg, flexes foot and angle joints for running and jumping.
Describe the soleus.
Posterior lower leg, works with gastrocnemius.
What is the function of the soleus?
Aids in running, walking, and dancing along with gastrocnemius muscles. The relaxing and contracting of this muscle aids in venous return of blood to heart.
Where are the muscles that control movement in the feet located?
Located in lower calf.
