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Anatomy > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs.

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2
Q

What do hormones regulate?

A

Hormones regulate the body’s growth, metabolism, sexual development and function.

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3
Q

Where are hormones released and what do they affect?

A

Hormones are released into the blood stream and may affect one or several organs throughout the body.

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4
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers created by the body. They transfer information from one set of cells to another to coordinate the functions of different parts of the body.

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5
Q

What are the major glands of the endocrine system?

A

The major glands of the endocrine system are hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body and the reproductive organs.

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6
Q

Why is the pancreas important in the endocrine system?

A

The pancreas is also a part of the endocrine system and it is important because it plays a role in hormone productions as well as digestion.

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7
Q

What is the endocrine system regulated by?

A

The endocrine system is regulated by feedback.

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8
Q

What happens with hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland?

A

For hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland, a signal is sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in the form of a “release hormone,” which stimulates the pituitary to secrete a “stimulating hormone” into the circulation.

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9
Q

What does the stimulating hormone signal?

A

The stimulating hormone signals the target gland to secrete its hormone.

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10
Q

What happens as the level of hormone rises in circulation?

A

As the level of hormone rises in the circulation, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland shut down secretion of the releasing hormone and the stimulating hormone, which in turn slows the secretion by the target gland.

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11
Q

What does the system of stimulating and singling the target gland to secret its hormone result in?

A

The system results in stable blood concentrations of the hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland.

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12
Q

What is the difference in the results produced by the endocrine system vs the nervous system?

A

The endocrine system produces a slower and generally longer lasting response than the nervous system.

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13
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood. They have no ducts. Exocrine glands secrete into ducts (i.e. sweat glands carry secretions away from the gland).

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14
Q

How do endocrine gland cells synthesize hormones?

A

Endocrine gland cells synthesize hormones by the process of anabolism.

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15
Q

Chemically hormones fall into several categories. The principal ones are?

A

Proteins and steroids (derived from lipids.)

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16
Q

What substances compose hormones?

A

Proteins and steroids are substances that compose hormones.

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17
Q

What are hormones the main regulators of?

A

Metabolism
Growth (determines rate of growth)
Development (sexual development, puberty, pregnancy, menopause)
Reproduction
Stress responses
Homeostatis (stability of body’s internal environment.)

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18
Q

What does homeostasis keep in balance?

A

Body temperatures, blood sugar levels, blood pressure, fluid balance and p.H.

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19
Q

How are hormone imbalances created and what do they result in?

A

Hormone imbalances are created when the glands produce too much or too little of the hormones needed to maintain homeostasis. They often result in conditions associated with illness or disease.

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20
Q

What does the hypothalamus link together?

A

The hypothalamus links together the endocrine and nervous systems.

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21
Q

The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that maintains what?

A

The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that maintains the body’s internal balance (homeostasis).

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22
Q

What is the hypothalamus directly involved with?

A

The hypothalamus is directly involved with pituitary gland function.

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23
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce and what does it do?

A

The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones, which stops and starts the production of other hormones in the body.

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24
Q

Why is the pituitary gland referred to as the master gland?

A

The pituitary gland is often termed “master gland” because it releases hormones that affect the workings of other glands, such as thyroid, gonads, and adrenal glands.

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25
Q

What hormones are associated with the anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone (GH), melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocor-ticotrophic hormone (ACTH), prolactin (PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

26
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A
  • Promotes growth of all body tissues - especially skeletal and muscular.
  • Deficiency results in growth failure. Involved in growth of bones, muscles, and fats.
  • Responsible for emotional well being.
27
Q

What does melanocyte stimulating hormone promote?

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone stimulates the production of melanin in the epidermis of the skin (Imbalance results in hyperpigmentation)

28
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone stimulate?

A
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (thyroxin and triiodethyronine and calcitonin)
  • A lack of thyroid hormones either because of a defect in the pituitary gland or thyroid gland itself is called hypothyroidism.
29
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol hormones; aids in protecting body in stress situations (injury, pain, etc)
Stimulates the adrenal gland.

30
Q

What does prolactin stimulate?

A

Prolactin stimulates production and secretion of milk by mammary glands.

31
Q

What does follicle-stimulating hormone stimulate?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone in females stimulates growth and hormone activities of ovarian follicles; in males it stimulates growth of testes; promotes development of sperm cells.

32
Q

What are luteinizing hormones and what do they stimulate?

A

Luteinizing hormones are hormones that control sexual functions and production of sex steroids estrogen and progesterone in females or testosterone in males. Stimulates the ovaries to produce the female sex hormone progesterone.

33
Q

What does interstitial cell-stimulating hormone stimulate?

A

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of testosterone in males.

34
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce/stimulate?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)

35
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone regulate and stimulate?

A

Antidiuretic hormone stimulates vasopressin which regulates the fluid balance of the body by decreasing urine production in the kidneys.

36
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Oxytocin causes contraction of muscle of uterus for childbirth; causes ejection of milk from mammary glands. Also responsible for promoting maternal behaviour.

37
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland stimulate?

A

Thyroid hormone - thyroxine and triiodothyronine and calcitonin.

38
Q

What do thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine do?

A
  • They increase metabolic rate, influencing both physical and mental activities; required for normal growth.
  • Metabolism
  • Plays a role in bone growth and development of brain and nervous system in children.
  • Maintains normal blood pressure.
39
Q

What does calcitonin regulate?

A

Calcitonin helps to regulate the calcium levels in the body.

40
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

41
Q

What is parathyroid hormone responsible for?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone regulates exchange of calcium between blood and bone
  • Excess calcium in blood and bone results in soft bones and fractures.
42
Q

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla gland?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (also called adrenalin or noradrenalin)

43
Q

What are epinephrine and norepinephrine responsible for?

A
  • Increases blood pressure and heart rate
  • Released during emergencies when the body is suddenly exposed to shock or under stress.
  • These hormones are stimulated by the nervous system in response to stress and helps prepare the body for “fight or flight”
44
Q

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex gland?

A

Aldosterone, cortisol and cortisone, sex hormones

45
Q

What is the hormone aldosterone responsible for?

A

Aldosterone aids in regulating minerals and water balance in the kidneys (i.e. sodium and potassium)

46
Q

What are cortisone and cortisol responsible for?

A

Aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats. Active during stress and decreases inflammation.

47
Q

What are sex hormones responsible for?

A

Sex hormones may influence secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.

48
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin and glucagon - both responsible for regulating levels of sugar in blood.

49
Q

What is insulin responsible for?

A

Insulin aids transport of glucose into cells; required for cellular metabolism of foods, especially glucose; decreases blood sugar levels when blood sugar levels are high.

50
Q

What is glucagon responsible for?

A

Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose, thereby increasing blood sugar levels when blood sugar levels are low.

51
Q

What hormone is secreted by the testes?

A

Testosterone

52
Q

What is testosterone responsible for?

A

Testosterone stimulates growth and development of sexual organs (testes, penis, other) plus development of secondary sexual characteristics such as hair growth on body, face and deepening of voice; stimulates maturation of sperm cells.

53
Q

What hormones are secreted in the ovaries?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

54
Q

What are estrogens responsible for?

A

Estrogens stimulate growth of primary sexual organs (uterus, tubes, etc). And development of secondary sexual organs such as breasts, plus changes in pelvis to a broader shape.

55
Q

What does progesterone stimulate?

A

Progesterone stimulates development of secretory parts of mammary glands; prepares uterine lining for implantation of fertilized ovum; aids in maintaining pregnancy.

56
Q

What hormones does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin - often referred to as the chemical expression of darkness.

57
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Melatonin delays puberty; influences sleep/wake cycle. SAD = seasonal affective disorder - winter brings increased production of this hormone making a person feel tired and sad.

58
Q

What hormone does the thymus secrete?

A

Thymosin

59
Q

What is thymosin responsible for?

A

Thymosin has a critical role in maturation and development of the immune system and ongoing functioning of the immune system.

60
Q

What is gonadotropin?

A

Gonadotropin is a hormone that acts on the gonads (reproductive glands, ovaries and testes).

Anatomy (15 decks)

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