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Anatomy > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Why do estheticians study the digestive system?

A
  • To understand how the human body converts food we eat into nutrients so that it can be absorbed into the blood stream.
  • To understand the GI tract which is a fascinating arrangement of organs and the biochemical actions that are involuntarily coordinated for the purpose of delivering nutrients where they are needed.
  • To understand the absorption, assimilation, and transport of individual nutrients into blood and tissues on a cellular level.
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2
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

1) Mastication (preparing food for absorption and metabolism)
2) Absorption
3) Elimination

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3
Q

What happens during mastication?

A

Food is altered so that its nutrients can be absorbed and used by body cells.

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4
Q

What are the two processes of mastication?

A

1) Mechanically

2) Chemically

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5
Q

Explain mechanical digestion.

A

The primary step in the digestive process is mechanical digestion. We know it as mastication or chewing which breaks the food up into smaller pieces.

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6
Q

What does mechanical digestion allow?

A

It allows fluid and salivary amylase to be combined with food. It also increases the surface area of the food so that enzymes can be most efficient in breaking it down.

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7
Q

When swallowing what is the semi solid mass called and where does it move?

A
  • Called a bolus

- Moves from mouth to stomach

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8
Q

Explain chemical digestion.

A

Chemical digestion consists of all the changes in chemical composition that foods undergo in their travel through GI tract. Numerous enzymes contribute to this process.

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9
Q

What are enzymes?

A
  • Enzymes are defined as “organic catalysts.” Which accelerate chemical reactions without appearing in the final products.
  • Enzymes are proteins
  • Enzymes are necessary for life.
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10
Q

What is absorption?

A

Absorption is classified as the transfer of the digested portion of food into the blood or lymph from the digestive canal.

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11
Q

Where does the majority of digestion & absorption occur?

A

The small intestine.

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12
Q

What is chyme?

A

Acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.

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13
Q

What happens once chyme passes into the small intestine?

A

The gallbladder and pancreas begin to play a vital role by secreting enzymes that are responsible for the major breakdown of carbohydrate, protein, and fat.

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14
Q

The small intestine is the portal of what?

A

Portal of transport for virtually all nutrients.

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15
Q

Where are nutrients absorbed?

A

Into one of the two transport systems of the body; the blood or the lymph.
- Transports nutrients from digested foods to tissue and cells.

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16
Q

Explain elimination.

A

The process of eliminating wastes from the body - also called excretion.

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17
Q

What is the illeocecal valve and what does it regulate?

A

Other sphincter called the illeocecal valve regulates flow into the ascending portion of the large intestine, also known as the colon.

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18
Q

What happens as chyme travels the length of the colon?

A

The colon extracts wastes from leaving a semi solid waste product to travel to the rectum.

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19
Q

What is the anus?

A

The anus is the final sphincter of the GI tract and when it relaxes and opens the removal and elimination of waste occurs.

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20
Q

What is the elimination of waste materials essential for?

A

Maintaining homeostasis in the body.

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21
Q

What are the segments of the GI tract?

A
  • Mouth
  • Oropharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestine (duodenum, jujunum, ileum)
  • Large Intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal)
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22
Q

What are the accessory organs of digestion?

A

Located in the main digestive organs or opening into them.

  • Salivary glands
  • Tongue
  • Teeth
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • Veriform Appendix
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23
Q

The main organs of the digestive system form what? what is it called?

A

They form a tube that is open at both ends all the way through the body.
This tube is called:
1) Alimentary canal (or tract)
2) Gastrointestinal (or GI tract)

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24
Q

What is the tongue?

A

A solid mass of muscle.

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25
Q

What are the changes in the size and shape of the tongue caused by and what do they assist with?

A

Caused by the intrinsic muscle contraction - it assists in placement of food between teeth for mastication.

26
Q

What is found on the tongue?

A

Taste buds.

27
Q

What else does the tongue do?

A

Aids in swallowing.

28
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

Secrete the majority of saliva, about 1 litre, produced each day, saliva starts digesting starches.

29
Q

How many pairs of salivary glands are there and what are they?

A

3 pairs

  • Paratoid gland
  • Sublingual gland
  • Submandibular gland
30
Q

What are teeth?

A
  • Organ of mastication (cut, tear, grind food so that it can be mixed with saliva and swallowed)
  • Breaking apart food increases the surface area to be acted upon by digestive enzymes.
31
Q

What does the oropharynx help with?

A

Swallowing - moves rounded mass of food called a bolus, from mouth to stomach.

32
Q

Where does the esophagus extend from?

A

From pharynx to stomach.

33
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

Posterior to the trachea and heart.

34
Q

How is the esophagus composed?

A

Muscle layers - some somatic and some visceral.

35
Q

True or false. The esophagus is normally flattened.

A

True.

36
Q

What is the stomach and where is it located?

A

The digestive tube dilates into an elongated pouch like structure, just below the diaphragm.

37
Q

What are some factors that determine the size of the stomach?

A

Size of stomach varies according to several factors like sex and the amount of distention.

38
Q

After a meal the stomach is enlarged because of what?

A

Because of distention of its walls, but as food leaves, the walls partially collapse, leaving the organ about the size of a large sausage.

39
Q

Explain how the position of the stomach changes during respiration and why after a large meal you might have a harder time breathing.

A
  • The stomach position changes during respiration, pushed downward with each inspiration & upward with expiration.
  • When distended after a large meal, its size interferes with decent on diaphragm on inspiration which results in difficulty breathing.
40
Q

What can the stomach push against and what sensation does it bring?

A

Stomach may push upward against the heart giving sensation that the heart is being crowded.

41
Q

What do the sphincter muscles of the stomach do?

A

Guard both stomach openings.

42
Q

What are the two sphincter muscles of the stomach?

A
  • Cardiac sphincter - between esophagus & stomach (also called lower esophageal sphincter)
  • Pyloric sphincter - between stomach and small intestine (duodenum)
43
Q

What do gastric glands secrete?

A

Gastric juice

44
Q

What is gastric juice and what does it do?

A

A mucous type fluid containing enzymes and hydrochloric acid. It softens connective tissue in meals and begins protein digestion.

45
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A
  1. Serves as a reservoir storing food until it can be partially digested and moved further along GI tract.
  2. It secretes gastric juice to aid in digestion of food.
  3. Through contractions of its muscular coat, it churns the food, breaking it into smaller particles and mixing it well with gastric contents and moving it to the duodenum.
  4. It carries on a limited amount of absorption of some water, alcohol, and certain drugs.
46
Q

Explain the process of emptying the stomach.

A
  • This process takes about 2 to 6 hours after a meal depending on the contents of the meal.
  • Gastric juices are mixed with food which form ‘chyme’ and is ejected into the duodenum.
  • Endocrine (hormones) and nervous system control emptying.
47
Q

How big is the small intestine?

A
  • 1 inch in diameter (less than 1/2 the diameter of the large intestine)
  • Approximately 20 feet long in adults (about twice the length of the large intestine)
48
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A
  • The absorption of nutrients and mineral from food (using small finger like protrusions called villi)
  • Main organ of digestion and absorption
  • Food is moved along by peristaltic waves.
49
Q

What are the 3 distinct divisions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum (most digestion happens here)
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
50
Q

How big is the large intestine?

A
  • 2.5 inches in diameter (named for its large diameter, not its length)
  • 5 feet long - 1/5 of the length of the GI tract.
51
Q

Where does the large intestine extend from?

A

The distal end of the Ileum to the anus

52
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorption of water and elimination of undigested waste.

53
Q

What are the 3 distinct divisions of the large intestine?

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
54
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The liver

  • 3 to 4 pounds
  • Also is the largest gland in the body
55
Q

How is the common bile duct formed and where does it open into?

A

Hepatic duct from liver merges with cystic duct from gallbladder - forming common bile duct which opens into the duodenum.

56
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • Detoxify a variety of substances (e.g. alcohol, marijuana, drugs and food)
  • Helps process proteins, carbohydrates and fats
  • Secretes bile (one pint a day) and in fat absorption
  • Stores certain substances (e.g. iron, vitamins)
57
Q

What are the functions of the gallbladder?

A
  • Stores bile that enters it through the hepatic and cystic ducts.
  • Contracts and ejects bile into duodenum (while digestion is going on in stomach and intestines.)
58
Q

What does the pancreas act as?

A

An endocrine gland as well as an exocrine gland.

59
Q

Explain how the pancreas acts as an exocrine gland.

A
  • Pancreas empties through ducts into duodenum, at same point as common bile duct.
  • Pancreas secretes digestive enzymes found in pancreatic juice, which play an important role in digestion.
60
Q

Explain how the pancreas acts as an endocrine gland?

A
  • Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas - “islands of langerhans”
  • Secretions pass into blood capillaries rathe than into ducts.
    Secretions are:
    1. Insulin - major control over carbohydrate metabolism
    2. Glucagon - opposite effect on carbohydrate metabolism.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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