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Anatomy > The Cell Metabolism and Body Systems > Flashcards

The Cell Metabolism and Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Why do estheticians study the cell?

A
  • Estheticians study the cell to have an understanding of how all living things are made up from cells.
  • To understand the cell functions and structures
  • To understand metabolism and reproduction
  • To understand the different types of tissue and their functions.
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2
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the basic unit of life

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3
Q

What do groups of cells form?

A

Groups of cells form body tissues

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4
Q

What do groups of tissues form?

A

Groups of tissues form body organs and glands

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5
Q

What do groups of organs and glands form?

A

Groups of organs and glands form body systems

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6
Q

Cells are the smallest structure capable of?

A

Maintaining life and reproducing

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7
Q

How much of the body is made up of solids and how much is made up of liquids?

A

The body is made up of 1/4 solids and 3/4 liquids

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8
Q

Every part of the body is composed of cells, how do they differ from each other?

A

Cells differ from each other in size, shape, structure and function

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9
Q

How big are cells?

A

Almost all cells are microscopic.

  • The ovum is the largest cell and it is about 3 times the size of a period at the end of a sentence.
  • Smallest cells are 13 times smaller than the size of a period at the end of a sentence.
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10
Q

What are the functions of cells?

A

Reproduction, excretion, metabolism, sensitivity, movement and respiration

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11
Q

What are the three main structures of the cell?

A

Cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is the cell membrane and what is it made up of?

A

The cell membrane encloses the cell (supporting wall) and it is formed of lipid (fat) and protein molecules

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13
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A
  • Borders the complete cell, separating it from all others and preventing leaking of contents.
  • Receives communications from other cells.
  • Transports and controls some substances into or out of the cell, and prevents entry of others - it controls what can enter and leave the cell. (semi permeable or selectively permeable)
  • Plays an important role in immunity. Defends the body against microbes and other harmful agents.
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14
Q

What is the nucleus and where is it located?

A

The nucleus is the largest cell structure and it is located at the centre of the cell. It is the brain or control centre of the cell.

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15
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

The nucleus contains chromosomes, which are structures in the nucleus containing DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), which transmit genetic information.

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16
Q

What is the nucleoli and where is it found?

A

The nucleoli is a sub organelle located within the nucleus.

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17
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is an important part of cell preproduction and metabolism; contains genes that determine hereditary traits.

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18
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus dictates, determines, and controls.

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19
Q

What does the nucleus dictate?

A

The nucleus dictates the structure (what the cell looks like) and function (what the cell will do)

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20
Q

What does the nucleus determine?

A

The nucleus determines heredity and growth.

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21
Q

What does the nucleus control?

A

The nucleus controls metabolism (how the body uses food) and certain types of movement through the cell membrane (active transport)

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22
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is a gel like substance found between the cell membrane and nucleus. Hundreds or thousands of organelles are found in the cytoplasm. (mitochondria, lysosome, and ribosomes are some examples)

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23
Q

What are the functions of the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm carries on metabolism (cells digestive system, and energy supply) and intercellular transportation (cells inner circulatory system)

24
Q

Define metabolism

A

Metabolism is a complex process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy. Metabolism consists of two major processes: anabolism and catabolism.

25
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Anabolism is a rebuilding or synthesis process. During synthesis it uses energy. It’s primary role is in protein metabolism and its secondary role is in lipid/CHO metabolism.

26
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Catabolism is a decomposition or destructive process. During decomposition it releases energy. Primary role is in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Secondary role is in protein metabolism.

27
Q

What do anabolism and catabolism have in common?

A

They are both responsible for breaking down cellular tissue and both processes occur concurrently and continually in cells. Takes place with all food groups.

28
Q

What do proteins do in relation to metabolism?

A

Proteins are primarily tissue building foods. Anabolism is primary and catabolism is secondary.

29
Q

What do fats and carbohydrates do in relation to metabolism?

A

Opposite of proteins, fats and carbohydrates are energy supplying foods. Catabolism is primary and anabolism is secondary.

30
Q

What are requirements for cell growth and production and what are cells capable of?

A

Most cells are capable of growth and self repair and require food, H2O, O2, elimination of waste and proper body temperature for growth and production.

31
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is when cells reach maturity they reproduce by mitosis. It is a series of complex chemical changes which occur in the nucleus. The cell will divide or split in half to form two identical cells each with 46 chromosomes. This type of reproduction occurs in human tissues.

32
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in immature sex cells as a part of their becoming mature sex cells. During meiosis the number of chromosomes is reduced to half from 46 to 23. 23 is the number of chromosomes in mature sex cells (sperm - 23, ovum - 23) The end result of fertilization is the fusion of 2 mature sex cells, resulting in a zygote with 46 chromosomes.

33
Q

How does meiosis generate genetic diversity?

A

Meiosis generates genetic diversity through the exchange of genetic materials between chromosomes and the random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

34
Q

What are the key differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis is indirect division, asexual, affects hair and skin cells or body cells, each cell will be identical to their parent cell and will have 46 chromosomes and it occurs in mature cells. Meiosis is reduction division, sexual, affects male and female sex cells, they are not identical to parent cells and have 23 chromosomes and it occurs in immature cells.

35
Q

What are tissues?

A

Tissues are composed of groups of cells that are the same kind and form together to make tissue. Each tissue has a specific function.

36
Q

What are the five types of body tissue?

A

Connective tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, and liquid tissue.

37
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue supports and protects other body tissues. It binds together to hold cells and tissues together. Some examples are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and flat tissues.

38
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Muscle tissue is responsible for movement in various parts of the body. Muscle cells form the muscle tissues.

39
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue is the protective covering on body surfaces and it moves substances into and out of the blood (secretion and absorption) Examples include skin, mucous membranes, linings of heart, digestive, respiratory organs and glands.

40
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Nervous tissue carries messages to and from the brain and it controls and coordinates all body functions.

41
Q

What is liquid tissue?

A

Liquid tissue carries nutrients, waste products, and hormones. This type of tissue includes blood and lymph.

42
Q

What are organs?

A

Organs are structures containing two or more different types of tissues which combine to perform a specific function. Examples include the brain, heart and liver.

43
Q

What are systems?

A

Systems are groups of organs, that co-operate for a common purpose. All systems are dependent on one another.

44
Q

What are the 10 systems in the human body?

A

Skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, endocrine, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, excretory, and integumentary.

45
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

Responsible for supporting the body. Made up of bones.

46
Q

What is the muscular system?

A

The muscular system is responsible for movement. Made up of muscles.

47
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for?

A

Responsible for receiving and transmitting impulses.

48
Q

What is the circulatory system responsible for?

A

Responsible for blood circulation and lymphatic circulation. However lymphatic circulation is more connected to the immune system.

49
Q

What is the endocrine system responsible for?

A

Responsible for the production of hormones, for regulation of growth, metabolism and reproduction.

50
Q

What is the respiratory system responsible for?

A

The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide.

51
Q

What is the digestive system responsible for?

A

The digestive system is responsible for the intake and breakdown of food and the elimination of solid waste.

52
Q

What is the reproductive system responsible for?

A

The reproductive system is responsible for the reproduction of offspring.

53
Q

What is the excretory system responsible for?

A

The excretory system is responsible for the elimination of liquid waste.

54
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

The integumentary system is the skin and its associated appendages (the hair and nails)

55
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the condition in which the cells, tissues, glands, organs and systems of the body are working in harmony within themselves and with one another. Examples include body temperature, composition of body fluids, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure.

Anatomy (15 decks)

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