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MCAT-BIOLOGY > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the five functions of the vertebrate skeletal system?

A

1) support the body
2) provide framework for movement
3) protect vital organs
4) store calcium
5) synthesize the formed elements of the blood (cells), which occurs in flat bone marrow

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2
Q

hematopoiesis

A

formation of formed elements of the blood, occurs in the marrow of flat bones

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3
Q

the vertebrate endoskeleton can be divided into:

A

axial (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular components

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4
Q

connective tissue

A

consists of cells and the materials they secrete, ex. bones

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5
Q

fibroblast

A

single progenitor from which all connective tissue cells are derived

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6
Q

what are some fibroblast derived cells?

A

bone, collagen (strong fibrous protein), elastin (fibrous extracellular protein which gives tissue the ability to stretch and regain its shape), adipocytes (fat cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), osteocytes (bone cells)

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7
Q

how is connective tissue different from other tissue types in the body?

A

connective tissue is primarily extracellular material witha few cells scattered in it

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8
Q

matrix

A

the extracellular material which consists of fibrous proteins and ground substance (thick, viscous material composed of proteoglycans which are surrounded by a large amount of water and give tissues thickness and firmness)

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9
Q

what are the two types of connective tissue?

A

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

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10
Q

loose connective tissue

A

basically packing tissues; include areolar tissue (the soft material located between most cells through the body) and adipose tissue (fat)

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11
Q

dense connective tissue

A

tissues that contain large amounts of fibers (e.g. tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bones)

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12
Q

what are the two primary bone shapes?

A

flat and long

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13
Q

flat bones

A

ex. scapula, ribs, bones of the skull, the location of hematopoiesis, important for organ protection, shell of compact bone surrounding inner spongy bone with red marrow-site of hematopoiesis)

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14
Q

long bones

A

bones of the limbs, important for support and movement

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15
Q

diaphysis

A

the main shaft of a long bone (tube of compact bone containing yellow marrow)

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16
Q

epiphysis

A

the flared end of a long bone, shell of compact bone surrounding core of spongy bone)

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17
Q

what are the structures of bone?

A

compact (hard and dense) or spongy (porous, always surrounded by a layer of compact bone)

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18
Q

bone marrow

A

non-bony material found in the shafts of long bones and in the pores of spongy bones

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19
Q

red marrow

A

found in spongy bones within flat bones, the site of hematopoiesis which increases in response to erythropoietin

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20
Q

yellow marrow

A

found in the shafts of long bones, is filled with fat and is inactive

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21
Q

what are the two principal ingredients of bones?

A

collagen and hydroxyapatite

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22
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

a solid material consisting of calcium phosphate crystals

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23
Q

what is the structure of spongy bone?

A

disorganized structure in which many spikes of bone (spicules/trabeculae) surround marrow-containing cavities

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24
Q

what is the structure of compact bone?

A

specific organization

25
Q

osteon/Haversian system

A

the basic unit of compact bone structure

26
Q

central/Haversian canal

A

a hole in the center of the osteon which contains blood, lymph vessels, and nerves

27
Q

lamellae

A

concentric rings of bone surround the central Haversian canal

28
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny channels that branch out from the central Haversian canal to spaces called lacunae

29
Q

lacunae

A

spaces that contain an osteocyte

30
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cell, have long processes that extend down the canaliculi to contact other osteocytes through gap junctions

31
Q

perforating/Volkmann’s canals

A

channels that run perpendicular to central canals to connect osteons

32
Q

cartilage

A

strong but very flexible extracellular tissue secreted by chondrocyte cells

33
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic fibrous

34
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

strong and somewhat flexible (ex. larynx and trachea, joins lined by articular cartilage/hyaline cartilage)

35
Q

elastic cartilage

A

found in structures such as the outer ear, epiglottis, that require support and more flexibility than hyaline cartilage, contains elastin

36
Q

fibrous cartilage

A

very rigid and is found in places where very strong support is needed (ex. pubic symphysis and the intervertebral disks of the spinal column)

37
Q

is cartilage innervated?

A

no, it is also avascular (does not contain blood vessels), receives nutrition from surrounding fluid

38
Q

ligaments

A

connect bonds to other bones, dense connective tissue

39
Q

tendons

A

connect bones to muscles, dense connective tissue

40
Q

joint

A

the point where one bone meets another

41
Q

synarthroses

A

immovable joints, basically points where two bones are fused together

42
Q

amphiarthroses

A

slightly movable joints, provide both movability and a great deal of support (ex. vertebral joints)

43
Q

diarthroses

A

freely movable joints, ex. ball and socket, hinge

44
Q

all movable joints are supported by:

A

ligaments

45
Q

movable joints are lubricated by:

A

synovial fluid which is kept within the joint by the synovial capsule

46
Q

endochondral ossification

A

how most bone growth occurs: hyaline cartilage is produced and then replaced by bone

47
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

the synthesis of bone from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme (results in flat bones)

48
Q

process of long bone growth:

A

epiphyseal plate seen between diaphysis and epiphysis, chondrocyte division forces epiphysis and diaphysis apart, cartilage is replaced by bone/ossified which is stimulated by growth hormone, rate of ossification is slightly faster than the rate of chondrocyte cell division, when diaphysis and epiphyses meet and fuse together, lengthening can no longer occur, fusion point/epiphyseal line is seen

49
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

a disk of hyaline cartilage that is actively produced by chondrocytes

50
Q

remodeling

A

process by which bones are continually degraded and remade

51
Q

osteoblasts

A

the cells which make bone by laying down collagen and hydroxyapatite, synthesizes bone until the osteoblast itself is surrounded by bone and only a lacuna is left (at which point it becomes an osteocyte)

52
Q

osteocyte

A

mature osteoblast, after it has completed synthesis of bone

53
Q

osteoclasts

A

continually destroy bone by dissolving the hydroxyapatite crystals

54
Q

what replaces bone destroyed by osteoclasts?

A

osteoblasts

55
Q

liberation of calcium and phosphate into the bloodstream is a result of:

A

an increased ratio of osteoclast (break down) to osteoblast (synthesis) activity

56
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

stimulates osteoclast activity in the bones, increases reabsorption of calcium in kidneys and stimulates conversion of vitamin D into calcitriol, indirectly increases intestinal calcium absorption (via calcitriol)

57
Q

calcitriol

A

may stimulate minor osteoclast activity in bones, increases reabsorption of phosphorus in kidneys, increases intestinal absorption of calcium

58
Q

calcitonin

A

inhibits osteoclast activity in bones and decreases reabsorption of calcium in kidneys

MCAT-BIOLOGY (17 decks)

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