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MCAT-BIOLOGY > The Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Male Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the synthesis of sperm

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2
Q

androgens

A

male sex hormones

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3
Q

testes

A

male gonads (aka testicles)

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4
Q

what are the two roles of the testes?

A

1) spermatogenesis

2) secretion of male sex hormones (androgens)

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5
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

sites of spermatogenesis, formed by sustentacular cells

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6
Q

sustentacular cells

A

make up the seminiferous tubules, protect and nurture the developing sperm both physically and chemically

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7
Q

interstitial cells

A

makes up the tissue between seminiferous tubules, responsible for androgen synthesis

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8
Q

epididymis

A

a long coiled tube located on the posterior of each testicle into which the seminiferous tubules empty

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9
Q

ductus deferns

A

tube in which the epididymis from each testicle empties

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10
Q

urethra

A

the tube inside the penis

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11
Q

inguinal canal

A

a tunnel that travels along the body wall toward the crest of the hip bone, path followed by the ductus deferens after it leaves the scrotum and before it joins with the urethra

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12
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

joining of the seminal vesicle with the ductus deferens, joins from both sides of the body to form the urethra

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13
Q

seminal vesicles

A

pair of glands located on the posterior surface of the bladder, secrete 60% of the total volume of the semen, secretes mostly fructose (nourishment of sperm)

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14
Q

semen

A

a highly nourishing fluid for sperm, produced by 3 glands (prostate, seminal, bulbourethral) and 2% of sperm from testes

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15
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes fructose and a coagulant, functions for nourishment and allows semen to coagulate after ejaculation (35% of semen)

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16
Q

boubourethral gands

A

secretes thick, alkaline mucus an functions to lubricate urethra and neutralize acids in male urethra and in female vagina (3% of semen)

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17
Q

accessory glands

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, testes (each produces a component of sperm)

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18
Q

erectile tissue

A

specialized tissue in the penis that allows erection (corpus cavernosum-2 and corpus spongiosum)

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19
Q

what are the 3 stages of the male sexual act?

A

arousal, orgasm, resolution

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20
Q

arousal

A

dependent upon parasympathetic nervous input, can be divided can erection and lubrication

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21
Q

erection

A

involves dilation of arteries supplying the erectile tissue which causes swelling, which in turn obstructs venous outflow which causes erectile tissue to become pressurized with blood

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22
Q

lubrication

A

a function of the parasympathetic system, bulbourethral glands secrete a viscous mucous which serves as a lubricant

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23
Q

orgasm

A

requires stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system and can be divided into 2 stages: emission and ejaculation

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24
Q

emission

A

the propulsion of sperm (from the ductus deferens) and semen (from the accessory glands) into the urethra by contractions of the smooth muscle surrounding these organs

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25
Q

ejaculation

A

semen is propelled out of the urethra by rhythmic contractions of muscles surrounding the base of the penis

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26
Q

resolution

A

return to a normal, unstimulated state, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system which causes constriction of the erectile arteries and decreases blood flow to the erectile tissue, which allows the veins to carry away the trapped blood

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27
Q

what are the gametes produced by the male?

A

spermatozoa

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28
Q

what are the gametes produced by the female?

A

ova

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29
Q

syngamy

A

fusion of the sperm with the egg in the female genital tract

30
Q

syngamy results in:

A

a zygote

31
Q

maternal inheritance

A

where both gametes contribute equally to the genome but the egg provides every other part of the zygote (including the mitochondria)

32
Q

where is the site of spermatogenesis?

A

the seminiferous tubule with the aid of sustentacular cells in the walls of the seminiferous tubule

33
Q

germ cells

A

the cells that give rise to spermatogonia or oogonia

34
Q

spermatogonium in the outer region of seminiferous tubule become primary spermatocytes that undergo:

A

their first meiotic division which then become secondary spermatocytes which undergo the second meiotic division to form spermatids which mature into spermatozoa in the inner region of the seminiferous tubules

35
Q

spermatozoan finish maturing in:

A

the seminiferous tubule and then the epididymis

36
Q

spermatozoa are incapable of motility when they first enter the epididymis, when are they capable of moving?

A

when they enter the ductus deferens, however they remain inactive due to inhibitory substances secreted by the ductus deferens (can be stored here)

37
Q

head

A

contains the haploid nucleus and the acrosome

38
Q

tail

A

flagellum

39
Q

neck region

A

at the base of the tail, contains many mitochondria which uses fructose contained in semen for energy

40
Q

acrosome

A

a compartment on the head of the sperm that contains hydrolytic enzymes required for penetration of the ovum’s protective layer

41
Q

bindin

A

a protein on the sperm’s surface that attaches to receptors on the zona pellucida surrounding the ovum

42
Q

testosterone

A

stimulates division of spermatogonia

43
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone which inhibits the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

44
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates the sustenacular cells to release inhibin

45
Q

inhibin

A

hormone secreted by sustenacular cells that inhibit FSH release

46
Q

what determines the gender of a developing embryo?

A

its sex chromosomes

47
Q

Wolffian ducts

A

develop into male internal genitalia (epididymis, seminal vesicles, ductus deferens)

48
Q

Mullerian ducts

A

develop into female internal genitalia (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina), develop by default in the absence of a Y chromosome and MIF

49
Q

Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)

A

secreted by testes (which develop due to genetic info on Y chromosome) and prevent female internal genitalia from developing

50
Q

external male genitalia is determined by:

A

release of testosterone from testes (that enter the systemic circulation)

51
Q

internal male genitalia is determined by:

A

release of testosterone from testes locally, assists in Wolffian duct development

52
Q

testosterone is converted to _______ in target tissues after entering the systemic circulation

A

dihydrotestosterone

53
Q

analogous structures

A

structures arising from Wolffian and Mullerian ducts that have the same function but that arise from different precursors

54
Q

homologous organs

A

testes/ovaries, both derived from the gonads and thus have common origin

55
Q

what is a homologous organ to the penis?

A

clitoris, functions in erectile tissue and sensation

56
Q

what is a homologous organ to the bulbourethral glands?

A

greater vestibular glands, functions in lubrication

57
Q

what is a homologous organ to the scrotum?

A

labia majora, functions as external skin folds

58
Q

androgen

A

all hormones involved in the development and maintenance of male characteristics

59
Q

what is the primary androgen produced by the testes?

A

testosterone

60
Q

estrogen

A

all hormones involved in the development and maintenance of female characteristics

61
Q

what is the primary estrogen produced in the ovaries?

A

estradiol

62
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

maturation of the genitalia, male distribution of facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass, maintenance requires elevated levels of testosterone (during puberty)

63
Q

role of estrogens

A

required to regulate the uterine cycle and for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics (maturation of the genitalia, breast development, wider hips, and pubic hair), also causes fusion of the epiphyses

64
Q

elevated testosterone during puberty also causes (aside from secondary sexual characteristics):

A

pubertal growth spurt and fusion of the epiphyses

65
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary to release gonadotropins (FSH and LH), controls sex steroid production

66
Q

LH effect in males

A

acts on interstitial cells to stimulate testosterone production

67
Q

FSH effect in males

A

stimulate the sustenacular cells to release inhibin (which inhibit pituitary)

68
Q

LH effect in females

A

formation of the corpus luteum and progesterone secretion

69
Q

FSH effect in females

A

stimulates the granulosa cells to secrete estrogen

70
Q

which steroids demonstrate feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus (GnRH) and the anterior pituitary (LH and FSH)

A

inhibin, steroids (testosterone, estrogen)

MCAT-BIOLOGY (17 decks)

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