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MCAT-BIOLOGY > The Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Female Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

labioscrotal swellings

A

a pair of skin folds that form the scrotum in males due to presence of testosterone and forms the labia majora of the vagina in females due to absence of testosterone

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2
Q

urethral opening

A

where urine exits the body, located underneath the clitoris

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3
Q

labia minora

A

a pair of skin folds surrounding the urethral opening

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4
Q

uterus

A

hollow organ in the pelvic cavity into which the vagina opens up

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5
Q

cervix

A

the part of the uterus which opens into the vagina

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6
Q

endometrium

A

innermost lining of the uterus, responsible for nourishing a developing embryo and is shed during menstrual bleeding

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7
Q

myometrium

A

surrounds the endometrium, a thick layer of smooth muscle comprising the wall of the uterus

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8
Q

uterine tubes

A

aka fallopian tubes that extend into the pelvis from the uterus on each side that end in fimbriae

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9
Q

fimbriae

A

finger-like structures on the end of each uterine tubes

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10
Q

ovary

A

the female gonad, which brushes up against the fimbriae

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11
Q

the female sexual act

A

arousal (erection and lubrication controlled by parasympathetic nervous system), orgasm (sympathetic nervous system)-muscle contraction and cervix widening, no ejaculation, resolution (sympathetic nervous system)

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12
Q

greater vestibular glands

A

secretes mucus for lubrication along with vaginal epithelium

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13
Q

follicular phase

A

first phase of ovarian cycle, where a primary follicle matures and secretes estrogen (under control of FSH, lasts 13 days)

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14
Q

ovulatory phase

A

second phase of ovarian cycle, where a secondary oocyte is released from the ovary, triggered by LH surge which also causes remnants of the follicle to become corpus luteum (occurs on the 14th day)

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15
Q

luteal phase

A

third phase of ovarian cycle, begins with full formation of the corpus luteum in the ovary which secretes both estrogen and progesterone (14 days)

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16
Q

menstruation

A

first phase of uterine cycle, triggered by the degeneration of the corpus luteum and subsequent drop of estrogen and progesterone which causes bleeding (5 days)

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17
Q

proliferative phase

A

second phase of uterine cycle, estrogen produced by the follicle induces the proliferation of a new endometrium (9 days)

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18
Q

secretory phase

A

third phase of uterine cycle, after ovulation occurs, the estrogen and progesterone produced by the corpus luteum further increases the development of the endometrium, including secretion of glycogen, lipids, and other material.

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19
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

secreted by chorion portion of placenta (derived from trophoblast of blastocyst) and takes the place of LH in maintaining the corpus luteum to maintain elevated estrogen and progesterone levels

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20
Q

granulosa cells

A

supporting cells that surround the primary oocyte, secrete estrogen during the first half of the menstrual cycle

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21
Q

follicle

A

the structure consisting of the primary oocyte plus granulosa cells

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22
Q

primordial follicle

A

an immature primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells

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23
Q

what changes do the primordial follicle undergo as it matures?

A

granulosa cells proliferate to form several layers around the oocyte and the zona pellucida forms

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24
Q

zona pellucida

A

a protective layer of mucopolysaccharides formed by the oocyte, layer located just outside egg membrane

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25
Q

thecal cells

A

cells that separate the follicles present in the ovary

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26
Q

the follicle that matures to the point of progressing to ovulation is termed the:

A

Graafian follicle (all other follicles degenerate)

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27
Q

corona radiata

A

the layer of granulosa cells surrounding the ovum (completed meiosis I) after ovulation/release into fallopian tube

28
Q

corpus luteum

A

the structure formed in the ovary after ovulation from the remaining follicular cells

29
Q

sperm capacitation

A

the dilution of inhibitory substances present in the semen to activate sperm, allows sperm to swim through the uterus towards the secondary oocyte

30
Q

sperm is deposited at the:

A

cervix

31
Q

fertilization

A

the fusion of a spermatazoan with the secondary oocyte, usually occurs in the uterine tube

32
Q

acrosome reaction

A

release of hydrolytic enzymes in the acrosome by exocytosis to penetrate the corona radiata

33
Q

acrosomal process

A

involves actin that elongates towards the zona pellucida and bindin (species-specific protein) that binds to receptors in the zona pelluica that allows sperm to penetrate zona pellucida

34
Q

polyspermy

A

penetration of an ovum by more than one sperm

35
Q

fast block to polyspermy

A

consists of a depolarization of the egg plasma membrane which prevents other spermatozoa from fusing with the egg cell membrane

36
Q

slow block to polyspermy

A

results from a calcium influx caused by the initial depolarization, also known as the cortical reaction

37
Q

what does the slow block/cortical reaction consist of?

A

swelling of the space between the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane, and hardening of the zona pellucida

38
Q

what else does the calcium influx cause?

A

causes egg activation: increased metabolism and protein synthesis

39
Q

in the blastocyst, the trophoblast becomes the

A

chorion (zygote’s contribution to placenta)

40
Q

in the blastocyst, the inner cell mass becomes the

A

embryo, amnion, yolk sac, and allantois

41
Q

the trophoblast secretes:

A

proteases the lyse endometrial cell and allows the developing blastocyst toe burrow and implant into the endometrium (allows for absorption of nutrients directly from endometrium)

42
Q

placenta

A

organ that facilitates exchange of nutrients, gases, and even antibodies between the maternal and embryonic bloodstreams (takes 3 months to develop and then takes over maintenance of estrogen and progesterone levels)

43
Q

placental villi

A

chorionic projections extending into the endometrium into which fetal capillaries will grow, surrounded by sinuses (open spaces) that fill with maternal blood

44
Q

amnion

A

surrounds a fluid-filled (amniotic fluid) cavity which contains the developing embryo

45
Q

yolk sac

A

in mammals, the first site of red blood cell synthesis

46
Q

allantois

A

develops from the embryonic gut and forms the blood vessels of the umbilical cord, which transport blood between embryo and placenta

47
Q

blastula

A

equivalent to blastocyst, a hollow ball of cells

48
Q

gastrulation in primitive organisms involves:

A

invagination (involution) of blastula cells to form layers

49
Q

archenteron

A

cavity of the primitive gut

50
Q

blastopore

A

the opening that will eventually give anus

51
Q

how does the gastrula develop in humans?

A

from a double layer of cells (embryonic disk) instead of a spherical blastula

52
Q

ectoderm

A

entire nervous system, pituitary gland, cornea and lens, epidermis of skin and derivatives, nasal/oral/anal epithelium

53
Q

mesoderm

A

all muscle, bone, and connective tissue, entire cardiovascular and lymphatic system, including blood, urogenital organs, dermis of skin

54
Q

endoderm

A

GI tract epithelium, GI glands, respiratory epithelium, epithelial lining of urogenital organs and ducts, urinary bladder

55
Q

differentiation

A

the specialization of cell types during development

56
Q

determined

A

the point in the development of a cell at which the cell fate becomes fixed but before it is visibly differentiated

57
Q

determination can be induced by:

A

cell’s environment or it can be preprogrammed

58
Q

dedifferentiation

A

the process whereby a specialized cell unspecializes and may become totipotent

59
Q

does differentiation involves genome change?

A

no, unless it is in the immune cell or gametes

60
Q

totipotent

A

can generate trophoblast and inner cell mass (zygote, morula)

61
Q

pluripotent

A

can differentiate into any of the 3 primary germ layers and thus generate all adult cell types (inner cell mass of blastocyst, embryonic stem cells, IPS cells-induced pluripotent stem cells)

62
Q

multipotent

A

can produce many but not all cell types, more differentiated than pluripotent, often tissue-specific (three primary germ layers, adult stem cells)

63
Q

dedifferentiation

A

some cells can go backwards and becomes less specialized (iPS cells, cancer cells)

64
Q

first trimester

A

gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis

65
Q

second trimester

A

organs and organ system continue to develop structurally and functionally

66
Q

third trimester

A

stage of rapid fetal growth, including significant deposition of adipose tissue, most of the organ systems become fully functional

MCAT-BIOLOGY (17 decks)

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