The Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeletal system? (5)
Support: bears the weight of the body
Protection: Encasing essential organs
Storage: Stores minerals to be released to the bloodstream, stores yellow bone marrow
Movement: helps joints move
Manufacturing: Produces red and white blood cells, called hematopoiesis
Types of bones (5)
Irregular bones: Vertebrae
Flat bones: Scapula
Long bones: Femur
Sesamoid bones: patella (knee cap)
Short bones: wrist
Long bone anatomical features.
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Diaphysis
Articular Cartilage
Medullary cavity Yellow bone marrow
Where is compact bone found?
outer layer of bone is
made of tough connective
tissue called periosteum. under that is a thick layer of compact bone.
Where is spongy bone found?
At the ends of the long bones there is a spongy bone layer under the compact bone
Structure of spongy bone
Between the trabeculae
are spaces filled with
marrow or blood
vessels.
How is compact bone arranged
They have cylinders called osteons.
Osteons are placed in circles called lamellae
lammale has a canal that has blood vessels and nerves.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells make up that majority of bone structure
osteoclasts
break down bone
Osteoblasts
make new bone
Purpose of canaliculi
Keep the bones cells connected to nutrients
An embryos skeleton is made of
cartilage
What do osteoblasts begin to do in an embryos early development.
They make minerals to replace the cartilage, osteoblasts mature into osteocytes
Ossification
process of
incorporating calcium &
minerals into cartilage to
become bone
What is the composition of bone? (2)
35% organic : provides flexibility and strength to bones from breaking.
65% Inorganic: Provides bone hardness and strength.
What hormone is produced when calcium levels are too low?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
(from the Parathyroid glands)
Osteoclasts break down bone to make calcium
What hormone is produced when calcium levels are too high?
Calcitonin (from the Thyroid
gland)
Calcium from blood is absorbed into bones
How is broken bone repaired? (5)
Blood enters the wound.
Blood vessels grow, cartilage forms to hold bone. Spongy bone replaces cartilage. Osteoclasts form a
larger medullary cavity.
Spongy bone is converted to
compact bone.
What are the two major sections of the skeleton?
Axial: skull, ribs, vertebrae, central axis of the body
Appendicular: Bones of arms, legs, pelvis, shoulders
List the entire skeletal system
use diagram
Name the bones of the skull.
do that
Name and label the three sections of the spine
Top to bottom:
Cervial
Thoracic
Lumbar
sacrum and coccyx on the bottom
Name the three structural joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous joints
*Immovable or slightly movable
*Held together by fibrous
connective tissue
Example: cranium bones
Cartilaginous Joints
*Immovable or slightly movable
*Held together by cartilage
example: ribs and vertebrae
Synovial joints
*Highly movable
*Contain synovial fluid for
frictionless movement
Structure of synovial joints
*A joint capsule filled with
synovial fluid surrounds the
end of the bones.
*Ligaments- connect bone to
bone
*Tendons- connect muscle to
bone
Types of synovial joints(6)
Saddle joint
Condylar joint
Gliding/plane joint
Ball and socket joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Saddle joint
near the wrist, between the carpal bone
Condylar joint
Between radius and carpal bones of wrist (before saddle joint) first
Gliding/plane joint
Between tarsal bones (in food)
Ball and socket joint
Hip bones
Hinge joint
elbow
Pivot joint
Between C1 and C2 vertebrae (turning head)
Name the types of fractures (6)
Transverse
Oblique
Comminuted
Avulsed
Spiral
Greenstick
Transverse fracture
The fracture line is
perpendicular to the shaft of the bone
(Clean straight cut through bone)
Oblique fracture
The fracture line is on an angle through the bone
Comminuted fractures
The bone is broken into three or more pieces
Avulsed fracture
A tendon or ligament pulls a fragment of bone away
Spiral fracture
The bone is broken in a spiral pattern due to twisting or rotational
force
Greenstick fracture
The bone is bent, but not broken all the way through
Label anatomy of synovial joint
