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Anatomy Lab > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Condyle

A

A smooth, rounded articular process

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2
Q

Crest

A

A narrow ridge of bone, especially on its border

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3
Q

Epicondyle

A

Raised area near a condyle

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4
Q

Fissure

A

A deep furrow, cleft, or slit-like opening

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5
Q

Foramen

A

A rounded opening

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6
Q

Fossa

A

A shallow depression

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7
Q

Head

A

A rounded projection forming part of a joint, often separated from the shaft by a narrow “neck”

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8
Q

Spine

A

A sharp, pointed projection

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9
Q

Trochanter

A

A large, rough, blunt process

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10
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, round projection

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11
Q

Tuberosity

A

A rough projection

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12
Q

Long Bones

A

Have a shaft and two enlarged ends

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13
Q

Short Bones

A

Usually cube-shaped

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14
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Short bones that form within tendons

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15
Q

Flat Bones

A

Usually thin, curved and flattened

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16
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Complicated shapes that do not match the other categories

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17
Q

The human skeleton is organized into 2 major divisions:
1.
2.

A
  1. The axial skeleton
  2. The appendicular skeleton
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18
Q

What are the major bones of the axial skeleton?

A

-Skull and associated bones
-Thoracic cage
-Vertebral column

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19
Q

What are the major bones of the appendicular skeleton?

A

-Pectoral girdles
-Upper limbs
-Pelvic girdle
-Lower limbs

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20
Q

Compact bone is constructed of a solid matrix with numerous cavities and passageways for _______, blood vessels, and nerves.

A

Osteocytes

(Bone cells)

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21
Q

The structural unit of compact bone is called an ______.

A

osteon

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22
Q

At the center of the osteon is the _________ containing blood vessels and nerves.

A

Central (Haversian) canal

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23
Q

The ______ surrounding each central canal is deposited in rings termed _______.

A

matrix; lamellae

(Matrix is composed of hardened minerals and collagen fibers.)

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24
Q

Cavities, ______, in the matrix holding the living osteocytes.

A

lacunae

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25
Q

Minute canals called ______ connecting neighboring lacunae to each other and to the central canal.

A

canaliculi

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26
Q

Produces new and abnormal bone arrangements

A

Displaced fracture

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27
Q

Retains the normal alignment of the bones or fragments

A

Nondisplaced fracture

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28
Q

Fractures project through the skin

A

Open fracture

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29
Q

Fractures are completely internal

A

Closed fracture

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30
Q

Shatters the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments

A

Comminuted fracture

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31
Q

Only one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent

A

Greenstick Fracture

(Generally occurs in children)

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32
Q

Broken bone portion is pressed inward. Typical of skull fractures

A

Depressed Fractures

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33
Q

Carpal is an example of a _____.

A

short bone

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34
Q

Humerous is an example of a _____.

A

long bone

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35
Q

Sternum is an example of a _____.

A

flat bone

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36
Q

Patella is an example of a _______.

A

sesamoid bone

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37
Q

Vertebrae is an example of a ______.

A

irregular bone

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38
Q

Shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis

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39
Q

Bands of dividing hyaline cartilage

A

Epiphyseal plate

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40
Q

Filled with adipose tissue

A

Medullary cavity

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41
Q

Dense outer layer of bone

A

Compact bone

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42
Q

Covers ends of long bones

A

Articular cartilage

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43
Q

Houses red bone marrow

A

Spongy bone

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44
Q

End of long bone

A

Epiphysis

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45
Q

Lines the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

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46
Q

Given that oxygen and nutrients are unable to diffuse efficiently through the hardened mineralized extracellular matrix of compact bone, how do osteocytes survive?

A

Osteocytes survive because of canaliculi - access to nutrients is supplied by blood vessels in the central canal. Neighboring osteocytes are also linked by gap junctions which permit some nutrient exchange.

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47
Q

Differentiate between a lacuna and canaliculi?

A

A lacuna is a pocket of unfilled space containing an osteocyte within

A canaliculi is a narrow passageway through the matrix that extends between lacunae and nearby blood vessels, forming a branching network through which osteocytes exchange nutrients, wastes, and gases.

(Space where osteocyte is vs. little canal)

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48
Q

Trochanters are only seen on the _____.

A

femur

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49
Q

There are ____ cranial bones of the skull.

A

8

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50
Q

Forms the anterior and superior portions of the skull

A

Frontal bone

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51
Q

Brow ridges

A

Superciliary arches

(Typically larger in males than females)

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52
Q

Superior borders of the eye sockets

A

Orbits

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53
Q

Forms the posterior portion of the skull

A

Occipital bone

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54
Q

The _____ on the occipital bone articulate with the 1st cervical vertebra.

A

Condyles

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55
Q

Knoblike projections on the posterior surface of the skull

A

External occipital protuberance

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56
Q

Butterfly bone

A

Sphenoid bone

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57
Q

The ____ on the sphenoid encloses the pituitary gland.

A

sella turcica

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58
Q

Forms the upper nasal cavity

A

Ethmoid Bone

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59
Q

The _____ on the ethmoid bone is an attachment site for the dura mater.

A

Crista Galli

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60
Q

The ______ of the ethmoid bone is for the olfactory nerves.

A

Cribiform plate

61
Q

The _________ of the ethmoid bone forms part of the nasal septum

A

Perpendicular plate

62
Q

The ________ and ________ of the ethmoid bone increase airflow in the nose.

A

Superior and middle nasal conchae

63
Q

The _______ form the lateral and superior portions of the skull

A

Parietal bones

64
Q

The _______ are located on the sides of the skull.

A

Temporal bones

65
Q

The ______ on the temporal bone is a socket for the mandible.

A

mandibular fossa

66
Q

The _____ is located posterior and inferior to the ear.

A

Mastoid process

67
Q

The ______ is the cheekbone.

A

Zygomatic process

68
Q

The ______ process is very sharp and pointy.

A

Styloid process

69
Q

There are ____ facial bones of the skull.

A

14

70
Q

The bridge of the nose is formed by the paired _______ bones.

A

nasal

71
Q

The tip of the nose is the _____.

A

apex.

72
Q

The nostrils are also called _____.

A

extneral nares

73
Q

The wing-like lateral borders of the nostrils are the _____.

A

ala

74
Q

The _______ are found on the inner surface of the orbit.

A

lacrimal bones

75
Q

The ________, which contains the tear-gathering lacrimal sac, may be felt as a small depression on the medial side of each eye socket near the nose.

A

lacrimal fossa

76
Q

The _______ serve the same functions as those on the ethmoid bone.

A

inferior nasal conchae

77
Q

The ______ makes up the jaw.

A

mandible

(Comprised of the angle, body, and ramus)

78
Q

The anterior tip of the mandible (the chin) is the _______.

A

mental protuberance

79
Q

To feel the __________ place a finger directly anterior to the external auditory meatus.

A

tempromandibular joint (TMJ)

80
Q

The mandible can dislocate out of the joint, locking the jaw open. Dislocation of the _____ is always anterior because the condylar process of the mandible slides forward past the articular tubercle of the temporal bone and cannot return into the articular fossa.

A

TMJ

81
Q

The _____ makes up the top jaw.

A

maxillae

82
Q

The _______ forms the anterior part of the hard palate (roof of the mouth).

A

palatine process

83
Q

The ______ (sockets) support the upper teeth.

A

alveoli

84
Q

The ________ articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.

A

temporal process

85
Q

Found in the lower, posterior nasal septum.

A

Vomer

86
Q

The cavities containing the eyes

A

Orbits

(Formed by parts of the ethmoid, frontal, lacrimal, maxillae, palatine, sphenoid, and zygomatic bones.)

87
Q

The _______ is formed by parts of the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillae, inferior nasal concha, and nasal bones.

A

Nasal cavitiy

88
Q

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right parts by the _____.

A

nasal septum

89
Q

The shallow vertical groove on the upper lip

A

Philtrum

90
Q

The U-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone.

A

Hyoid bone

91
Q

The Adam’s apple is the ______.

A

laryngeal prominence

92
Q

The largest cartilage of the larynx.

A

Thyroid cartilage

93
Q

The depression in the superior part of the sternum between the two clavicles.

A

Jugular (suprasternal) notch

94
Q

Mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities

A

Paranasal sinuses

95
Q

Immovable joints between skull bones

A

Sutures

96
Q

Unossified membranes aka soft spots attaching bones of the fetal skull.

A

fontanelles

97
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Supraorbital formaen (Frontal bone)

A

Supra-orbital artery

98
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Hypoglossal canal (Occipital bone)

A

Hypoglossal nerve (XIII)

99
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Foramen magnum (occipital bone)

A

Vertebral arteries

100
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

External acoustic meatus (temporal bone)

A

Air in meatus conducts sound to eardrum

101
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Internal acoustic meatus (temporal bone)

A

Internal acoustic artery

102
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Jugular foramen (temporal bone)

A

Internal jugular vein

103
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Carotid canal (temporal bone)

A

Internal carotid artery

104
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Stylomastoid foramen (temporal bone)

A

Facial nerve (V)

105
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Foramen lacerum (temporal - sphenoid bones)

A

Internal carotid artery after leaving carotid canal

106
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Foramen Ovale (sphenoid bone)

A

Mandiublar division (V3) of trigeminal nerve (V)

107
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Optic canal (sphenoid bone)

A

Optic nerve (II)

108
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Formen rotundum (sphenoid bone)

A

Maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal nerve (V)

109
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Foramen spinosum (sphenoid bone)

A

Blood vessels to membranes around CNS

110
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Superior orbital fissure (sphenoid bone)

A

Oculomotor nerve (III)

111
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Inferior orbital fissure (sphenoid-maxilla bones)

A

Maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal verve (V)

112
Q

What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:

Mental Foramen (Mandible)

A

Mental nerve

113
Q

The mandible articulates with ____

A

temporal bones

114
Q

Which cranial bone articulates with all other cranial bones?

A

Frontal bone

115
Q

The rounded bony process that can be palpitated behind your ear is the

A

mastoid process

116
Q

The foramen magnum is located in the

A

occipital bone

117
Q

The ______ separates the parietal bones.

A

sagittal suture

118
Q

The optic canal is located in the

A

sphenoid

119
Q

Osteocytes are primarily “housed” within a ______ in compact bone.

A

lacuna

120
Q

Internally, the mastoid process has ______ that connect directly to the middle ear cavity.

A

air cells

121
Q

______ is a painful inflammation of the air cells in this process.

A

Mastoiditis

122
Q

Paranasal sinuses are found in the following 4 skull bones

A

-maxillae
-ethmoid
-sphenoid
-frontal

123
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

They function to lighten the skull bones and house an extensive area of mucous epithelium, which releases mucus into the nasal cavity.

124
Q

Which bone is located medially to the eyes and forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid bone

125
Q

Which of the following bones does NOT articulate with the temporal bones?

-maxillae
-parietal
-sphenoid
-zygomatic

A

Maxillae

126
Q

The optic canal is located in which bone of the skull?

A

Sphenoid bone

127
Q

Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead and moves scalp

A

Occipitofrontalis

128
Q

Closes eye (blinking and squinting)

A

Orbicularis oculi

129
Q

Purses and protrudes lips (kissing and whistling)

A

Orbicularis oris

130
Q

Raises corner of mouth (smiling) and upper lip exposing teeth (snarling)

A

Zygomaticus major and minor

131
Q

Draws corners of mouth laterally - “sucking in” cheeks; assists in holding food between teeth when chewing

A

Buccinator

132
Q

Tenses neck skin and depresses mandible; pouting muscle

(Not on any model)

A

Platysma

133
Q

Eye looks up

A

Superior rectus

134
Q

Eye looks down

A

Inferior rectus

135
Q

Eye looks medially

A

Medial rectus

136
Q

Eye looks laterally

A

Lateral rectus

137
Q

Eye looks down and laterally

A

Superior oblique

138
Q

Eye looks up and laterally

A

Inferior oblique

139
Q

Elevates the mandible and closes the jaw

A

Masseter and Temporalis

140
Q

From styloid process of temporal bone to lateral tongue; retracts and elevates the tongue

A

Styloglossus

141
Q

From the internal surface of the mandible to the base of the tongue; protracts the tongue; can also depress the tongue

A

Genioglossus

142
Q

From hyoid bone to inferior tongue; depresses the tongue

A

Hyoglossus

143
Q

Bilateral contraction flexes the neck; “prayer muscle”; unilateral contraction rotates and flexes neck to opposite side, as in saying “no”

A

Sternocleidomastoid

144
Q

The ________ is the most prominent muscle in the neck and the neck’s most important surface landmark

A

Sternocleidomastoid

145
Q

Just anterior to the sternocleidomastoid, superior to the level of the larynx, you can find a pulse from the _______.

A

external carotid artery

146
Q

Just lateral to the inferior part of the sternocleidomastoid is the large ________, which supplies blood to the upper limb.

A

subclavian artery

147
Q

Located deep to the sternocleidomastoid; each elevates 1st and 2nd ribs during inspiration; also flexes neck

A

Scalenes

148
Q

Elevates, rotates, retracts, and depresses scapula: “shrugging shoulders”, and extended head

A

Trapezius

149
Q

Located deep to the trapezius; bilaterally extends or hyperextends neck; unilaterally rotates and laterally flexes neck

A

Splenius capitis

Anatomy Lab (8 decks)

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