The Skeletal System Flashcards
Condyle
A smooth, rounded articular process
Crest
A narrow ridge of bone, especially on its border
Epicondyle
Raised area near a condyle
Fissure
A deep furrow, cleft, or slit-like opening
Foramen
A rounded opening
Fossa
A shallow depression
Head
A rounded projection forming part of a joint, often separated from the shaft by a narrow “neck”
Spine
A sharp, pointed projection
Trochanter
A large, rough, blunt process
Tubercle
Small, round projection
Tuberosity
A rough projection
Long Bones
Have a shaft and two enlarged ends
Short Bones
Usually cube-shaped
Sesamoid Bones
Short bones that form within tendons
Flat Bones
Usually thin, curved and flattened
Irregular Bones
Complicated shapes that do not match the other categories
The human skeleton is organized into 2 major divisions:
1.
2.
- The axial skeleton
- The appendicular skeleton
What are the major bones of the axial skeleton?
-Skull and associated bones
-Thoracic cage
-Vertebral column
What are the major bones of the appendicular skeleton?
-Pectoral girdles
-Upper limbs
-Pelvic girdle
-Lower limbs
Compact bone is constructed of a solid matrix with numerous cavities and passageways for _______, blood vessels, and nerves.
Osteocytes
(Bone cells)
The structural unit of compact bone is called an ______.
osteon
At the center of the osteon is the _________ containing blood vessels and nerves.
Central (Haversian) canal
The ______ surrounding each central canal is deposited in rings termed _______.
matrix; lamellae
(Matrix is composed of hardened minerals and collagen fibers.)
Cavities, ______, in the matrix holding the living osteocytes.
lacunae
Minute canals called ______ connecting neighboring lacunae to each other and to the central canal.
canaliculi
Produces new and abnormal bone arrangements
Displaced fracture
Retains the normal alignment of the bones or fragments
Nondisplaced fracture
Fractures project through the skin
Open fracture
Fractures are completely internal
Closed fracture
Shatters the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments
Comminuted fracture
Only one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent
Greenstick Fracture
(Generally occurs in children)
Broken bone portion is pressed inward. Typical of skull fractures
Depressed Fractures
Carpal is an example of a _____.
short bone
Humerous is an example of a _____.
long bone
Sternum is an example of a _____.
flat bone
Patella is an example of a _______.
sesamoid bone
Vertebrae is an example of a ______.
irregular bone
Shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
Bands of dividing hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
Filled with adipose tissue
Medullary cavity
Dense outer layer of bone
Compact bone
Covers ends of long bones
Articular cartilage
Houses red bone marrow
Spongy bone
End of long bone
Epiphysis
Lines the medullary cavity
Endosteum
Given that oxygen and nutrients are unable to diffuse efficiently through the hardened mineralized extracellular matrix of compact bone, how do osteocytes survive?
Osteocytes survive because of canaliculi - access to nutrients is supplied by blood vessels in the central canal. Neighboring osteocytes are also linked by gap junctions which permit some nutrient exchange.
Differentiate between a lacuna and canaliculi?
A lacuna is a pocket of unfilled space containing an osteocyte within
A canaliculi is a narrow passageway through the matrix that extends between lacunae and nearby blood vessels, forming a branching network through which osteocytes exchange nutrients, wastes, and gases.
(Space where osteocyte is vs. little canal)
Trochanters are only seen on the _____.
femur
There are ____ cranial bones of the skull.
8
Forms the anterior and superior portions of the skull
Frontal bone
Brow ridges
Superciliary arches
(Typically larger in males than females)
Superior borders of the eye sockets
Orbits
Forms the posterior portion of the skull
Occipital bone
The _____ on the occipital bone articulate with the 1st cervical vertebra.
Condyles
Knoblike projections on the posterior surface of the skull
External occipital protuberance
Butterfly bone
Sphenoid bone
The ____ on the sphenoid encloses the pituitary gland.
sella turcica
Forms the upper nasal cavity
Ethmoid Bone
The _____ on the ethmoid bone is an attachment site for the dura mater.
Crista Galli
The ______ of the ethmoid bone is for the olfactory nerves.
Cribiform plate
The _________ of the ethmoid bone forms part of the nasal septum
Perpendicular plate
The ________ and ________ of the ethmoid bone increase airflow in the nose.
Superior and middle nasal conchae
The _______ form the lateral and superior portions of the skull
Parietal bones
The _______ are located on the sides of the skull.
Temporal bones
The ______ on the temporal bone is a socket for the mandible.
mandibular fossa
The _____ is located posterior and inferior to the ear.
Mastoid process
The ______ is the cheekbone.
Zygomatic process
The ______ process is very sharp and pointy.
Styloid process
There are ____ facial bones of the skull.
14
The bridge of the nose is formed by the paired _______ bones.
nasal
The tip of the nose is the _____.
apex.
The nostrils are also called _____.
extneral nares
The wing-like lateral borders of the nostrils are the _____.
ala
The _______ are found on the inner surface of the orbit.
lacrimal bones
The ________, which contains the tear-gathering lacrimal sac, may be felt as a small depression on the medial side of each eye socket near the nose.
lacrimal fossa
The _______ serve the same functions as those on the ethmoid bone.
inferior nasal conchae
The ______ makes up the jaw.
mandible
(Comprised of the angle, body, and ramus)
The anterior tip of the mandible (the chin) is the _______.
mental protuberance
To feel the __________ place a finger directly anterior to the external auditory meatus.
tempromandibular joint (TMJ)
The mandible can dislocate out of the joint, locking the jaw open. Dislocation of the _____ is always anterior because the condylar process of the mandible slides forward past the articular tubercle of the temporal bone and cannot return into the articular fossa.
TMJ
The _____ makes up the top jaw.
maxillae
The _______ forms the anterior part of the hard palate (roof of the mouth).
palatine process
The ______ (sockets) support the upper teeth.
alveoli
The ________ articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.
temporal process
Found in the lower, posterior nasal septum.
Vomer
The cavities containing the eyes
Orbits
(Formed by parts of the ethmoid, frontal, lacrimal, maxillae, palatine, sphenoid, and zygomatic bones.)
The _______ is formed by parts of the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillae, inferior nasal concha, and nasal bones.
Nasal cavitiy
The nasal cavity is divided into left and right parts by the _____.
nasal septum
The shallow vertical groove on the upper lip
Philtrum
The U-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone.
Hyoid bone
The Adam’s apple is the ______.
laryngeal prominence
The largest cartilage of the larynx.
Thyroid cartilage
The depression in the superior part of the sternum between the two clavicles.
Jugular (suprasternal) notch
Mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities
Paranasal sinuses
Immovable joints between skull bones
Sutures
Unossified membranes aka soft spots attaching bones of the fetal skull.
fontanelles
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Supraorbital formaen (Frontal bone)
Supra-orbital artery
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Hypoglossal canal (Occipital bone)
Hypoglossal nerve (XIII)
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Foramen magnum (occipital bone)
Vertebral arteries
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
External acoustic meatus (temporal bone)
Air in meatus conducts sound to eardrum
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Internal acoustic meatus (temporal bone)
Internal acoustic artery
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Jugular foramen (temporal bone)
Internal jugular vein
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Carotid canal (temporal bone)
Internal carotid artery
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Stylomastoid foramen (temporal bone)
Facial nerve (V)
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Foramen lacerum (temporal - sphenoid bones)
Internal carotid artery after leaving carotid canal
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Foramen Ovale (sphenoid bone)
Mandiublar division (V3) of trigeminal nerve (V)
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Optic canal (sphenoid bone)
Optic nerve (II)
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Formen rotundum (sphenoid bone)
Maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal nerve (V)
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Foramen spinosum (sphenoid bone)
Blood vessels to membranes around CNS
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Superior orbital fissure (sphenoid bone)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Inferior orbital fissure (sphenoid-maxilla bones)
Maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal verve (V)
What nerve or blood vessel uses this skull opening:
Mental Foramen (Mandible)
Mental nerve
The mandible articulates with ____
temporal bones
Which cranial bone articulates with all other cranial bones?
Frontal bone
The rounded bony process that can be palpitated behind your ear is the
mastoid process
The foramen magnum is located in the
occipital bone
The ______ separates the parietal bones.
sagittal suture
The optic canal is located in the
sphenoid
Osteocytes are primarily “housed” within a ______ in compact bone.
lacuna
Internally, the mastoid process has ______ that connect directly to the middle ear cavity.
air cells
______ is a painful inflammation of the air cells in this process.
Mastoiditis
Paranasal sinuses are found in the following 4 skull bones
-maxillae
-ethmoid
-sphenoid
-frontal
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
They function to lighten the skull bones and house an extensive area of mucous epithelium, which releases mucus into the nasal cavity.
Which bone is located medially to the eyes and forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
Ethmoid bone
Which of the following bones does NOT articulate with the temporal bones?
-maxillae
-parietal
-sphenoid
-zygomatic
Maxillae
The optic canal is located in which bone of the skull?
Sphenoid bone
Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead and moves scalp
Occipitofrontalis
Closes eye (blinking and squinting)
Orbicularis oculi
Purses and protrudes lips (kissing and whistling)
Orbicularis oris
Raises corner of mouth (smiling) and upper lip exposing teeth (snarling)
Zygomaticus major and minor
Draws corners of mouth laterally - “sucking in” cheeks; assists in holding food between teeth when chewing
Buccinator
Tenses neck skin and depresses mandible; pouting muscle
(Not on any model)
Platysma
Eye looks up
Superior rectus
Eye looks down
Inferior rectus
Eye looks medially
Medial rectus
Eye looks laterally
Lateral rectus
Eye looks down and laterally
Superior oblique
Eye looks up and laterally
Inferior oblique
Elevates the mandible and closes the jaw
Masseter and Temporalis
From styloid process of temporal bone to lateral tongue; retracts and elevates the tongue
Styloglossus
From the internal surface of the mandible to the base of the tongue; protracts the tongue; can also depress the tongue
Genioglossus
From hyoid bone to inferior tongue; depresses the tongue
Hyoglossus
Bilateral contraction flexes the neck; “prayer muscle”; unilateral contraction rotates and flexes neck to opposite side, as in saying “no”
Sternocleidomastoid
The ________ is the most prominent muscle in the neck and the neck’s most important surface landmark
Sternocleidomastoid
Just anterior to the sternocleidomastoid, superior to the level of the larynx, you can find a pulse from the _______.
external carotid artery
Just lateral to the inferior part of the sternocleidomastoid is the large ________, which supplies blood to the upper limb.
subclavian artery
Located deep to the sternocleidomastoid; each elevates 1st and 2nd ribs during inspiration; also flexes neck
Scalenes
Elevates, rotates, retracts, and depresses scapula: “shrugging shoulders”, and extended head
Trapezius
Located deep to the trapezius; bilaterally extends or hyperextends neck; unilaterally rotates and laterally flexes neck
Splenius capitis
