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Anatomy Lab > Reflex Physiology > Flashcards

Reflex Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Reflexes are rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimuli that function over pathways called ______.

A

reflex arcs

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2
Q

Reflexes can be categorized into two large groups:

1.
2.

A

-Somatic reflexes
-Autonomic (or visceral) reflexes

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3
Q

______ include all those reflexes that involve stimulation of skeletal muscles by the nervous system

A

Somatic reflex

(Ex: rapid withdrawal of a hand from a hot object)

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4
Q

_______ are mediated through the autonomic nervous system. These reflexes activate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and the glands of the body, and they regulate body functions such as digestion, elimination, blood pressure, salivation, and sweating.

A

Autonomic (or visceral) reflexes

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5
Q

Reflexes that are mediated through spinal nerves without involving the higher brain centers are…

A

spinal reflexes

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6
Q

Reflexes mediated by cranial nerves are termed…

A

cranial reflexes

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7
Q

All reflex arcs have 5 essential components…

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory Neuron
  3. Integration Center
  4. Motor Neuron
  5. Effector
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8
Q

______ is the site of stimulus action

A

receptor

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9
Q

The ____ transmits afferent impulses to the CNS.

A

sensory neuron

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10
Q

The ______ consists of one or more neurons in the CNS

A

integration center

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11
Q

The ______ conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ.

A

Motor neuron

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12
Q

The ______, muscle fibers or glands, responds to the efferent impulses.

A

Effector

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13
Q

What is the clinical significance of reflex testing?

A

It is an important diagnostic tool for assessing the condition of the nervous system. Unusual or absent reflexes may indicate degeneration or pathology of portions of the nervous system. If the spinal cord is damaged, the reflex tests can help pinpoint the area (level) of spinal cord injury. Motor nerves above the injured area may be unaffected, whereas those at or below the lesion site may be unable to participate in normal reflex activity.

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14
Q

What are the primary structural/anatomical differences between a somatic versus a visceral reflex arc?

A

The muscle is the effector in somatic. Viscera is the effector in autonomic.

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15
Q

Some people suffer from a condition known as congenital insensitivity to pain, in which they cannot detect painful stimuli at all, yet all their motor skills are normal. Which portion of the somatic reflex arc might be defective in people with this condition?

A

The integration center or the sensory receptor.

(both are before motor neurons)

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16
Q

There is a related condition known as congenital indifference to pain, in which people can detect painful stimuli, but they do not react properly to the stimulus. Essentially, these people do not feel pain as very painful. People with this condition have normal motor function. Which portion of the somatic reflex arc might be defective in people with this condition?

A

The integration center

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17
Q

When your small intestine begins to fill with food, a signal is sent to the brainstem that initiates contraction of the smooth muscle in the abdominal wall and the movement of the food through the intestines. Is this an example of a somatic or visceral reflex arc?

A

Visceral reflex arc

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18
Q

_______ are somatic reflexes important in maintaining posture, balance, and locomotion.

A

Stretch reflexes

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19
Q

Stretch reflexes are initiated by tapping a _____, which stretches and stimulates the muscle spindles.

A

tendon

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20
Q

The inhibition of those interneurons and the antagonist muscles is called _______.

A

reciprocal inhibition

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21
Q

Stretch reflexes tend to be hypoactive or absent in cases or _______ or _______.

A

peripheral nerve damage or ventral horn disease

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22
Q

The _______ is a technique to enhance sluggish stretch reflexes.

A

Jendrassik Maneuver

(Clench teeth, interlock hands, look at ceiling, and when given a verbal cue, pull hands apart without letting go)

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23
Q

The patellar reflex (knee-jerk) assesses the _____ level of the spinal cord.

A

L3-L4

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24
Q

What muscles contract during the patellar reflex?

A

Quadriceps

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25
Q

Mental distraction and simultaneous muscle activity has what effect on the patellar reflex?

A

Makes the response more vigorous.

(prevents conscious inhibition by focusing on something else)

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26
Q

If your subjects muscle is fatigued, what effect will this have on the patellar reflex?

A

Less vigorous

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27
Q

The Achilles reflex (ankle-jerk) assesses the _____ level of the spinal cord.

A

S1 and S2

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28
Q

The biceps reflex assesses the _____ level of the spinal cord.

A

C5 and C6

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29
Q

The biceps reflex causes…

A

flexion of the arm

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30
Q

The ____ is a deep reflex causing extension of the arm in normal individuals.

A

triceps reflex

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31
Q

The triceps reflex assesses the _____ level of the spinal cord.

A

C7 and C8

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32
Q

The crossed-extensor reflex assesses the _____ level of the spinal cord.

A

multiple levels

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33
Q

The crossed-extensor reflex innervates flexors and extensors to….

A

maintain balance as you withdrawal from painful stimuli.

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34
Q

The _____ results from pain and temperature changes.

A

Superficial cord reflexes

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35
Q

Superficial cord reflexes depend on both…

A

-upper motor pathways
-cord-level reflex arcs

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36
Q

The _____ is elicited by stimulating the cutaneous receptors in the sole of the foot.

A

plantar reflex

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37
Q

Damage to the _______ (upper motor neurons) produces ______.

A

pyramidial tract; Babinksi’s sign

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38
Q

An abnormal response in which the toes flare and the great toe moves in an upward direction.

A

Babinksi’s sign

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39
Q

The plantar reflex assesses the _____ level of the spinal cord.

A

S1 and S2

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40
Q

What muscles contract during the Achilles reflex?

A

Gastrocnemius and Soleus

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41
Q

What muscles contract during the Biceps reflex?

A

Biceps brachii

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42
Q

What muscles contract during the triceps reflex?

A

Triceps brachii

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43
Q

What muscles contract during the plantar reflex?

A

Tibialis anterior

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44
Q

What are examples of pupillary reflexes?

A

-The pupillary light reflex
-The consensual reflex

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45
Q

When the light is directed into one eye, the response in that eye is the _______

A

direct response

46
Q

Connections through the brain result in the constriction of the pupil in the other eye. This is called a _______.

A

consensual respnse

47
Q

Is the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the ANS active during the testing of the pupillary reflex?

A

Parasympathetic

48
Q

The ______ is another example of reflex activity in which pupillary responses can be observed. This response occurs naturally during emotional responses

A

Ciliospinal or pupillodilator reflex

49
Q

If the eye dilates, this is likely a response of the sympathetic division because…

A

It dilates to take in more visual information

50
Q

Pupillary dilation is an _____ response.

A

ipsilateral

51
Q

Define reflex

A

rapid, automatic responses to stimuli

52
Q

Give 3 examples of somatic reflexes.

A

-Patellar reflex
-Plantar reflex
-Bicep reflex

53
Q

Give 2 examples of autonomic reflexes.

A

-Visceral reflex
-Pupillary reflex

(Involves cardiac or smooth muscle or gland)

54
Q

What is the protective nature of the pupillary light reflex?

A

Protects the photoreceptors from bright lights to prevent retinal damage

55
Q

What is the protective nature of the pupillary light reflex?

A

What is the protective nature of the pupillary light reflex?

56
Q

What is the protective nature of the crossed-extensor reflex?

A

Protects and withdrawals the region in pain by shifting to the other side. Maintains balance

57
Q

Reaction time is the _____ between when a stimulus is presented and when you do something about it.

A

delay

58
Q

The beginning of a race is a classical ________, where runners hear a stimulus and react to it, the response.

A

stimulus-response situation

59
Q

Some reflexes are basic, or _____

A

inborn

60
Q

Some reflexes are learned, or ____

A

acquired

61
Q

What was the effect of adding a stimulus word to your subject’s reaction times?

A

Decreased reaction time

(effect of learning/having a cue)

62
Q

Random stimuli segments

A

computer generates a click randomly

63
Q

Fixed-interval stimuli segments

A

computer generates a click consistently

64
Q

What overall patterns do you see in reaction time in your dominant vs. non-dominant hand

A

Reaction time decreased towards end of test.

65
Q

What might account for these differences?

A

learning

66
Q

The _____ is formed by the paired coxal bones and the sacrum.

A

Pelvic girdle

67
Q

Joint in which your body weight is transferred from your spine to the pelvis

A

Sacroiliac joint

68
Q

The space enclosed by the bones

A

Pelvic cavity

69
Q

An oval ridge/ring running from the pubic crests posteriorly through sacral promontory, separates the true from the false pelvis

A

Pelvic brim

70
Q

The pelvic brim also defines the ____

A

pelvic inlet

71
Q

The inferior margin of the true pelvis is the ______

A

pelvic outlet

72
Q

Each coxal bone is formed from the fusion of 3 bones

A

-Ilium
-Ischium
-Pubis

73
Q

The ability to locate L4 is essential for performing a _____, a procedure in which the clinician inserts a needle into the vertebral canal of the spinal column directly superior or inferior to L4 and withdraws cerebrospinal fluid.

A

lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

74
Q

The ____ is the most easily dislocated when it is flexed and medially rotated

A

hip

75
Q

Trauma or arthritic destruction of the interior hip joint may reduce mobility or cause pain. Treatment is

A

hip replacement

76
Q

The distal element of a joint is deviated laterally

A

Valgus deformity

(Knock-kneed)

77
Q

The distal element of a joint is deviated medially

A

Varus deformity

(Bow-legged)

78
Q

Abducts, extends, and laterally rotates thigh

A

Gluteus maximus

(Used in running, climbing, and rising from seated position - not walking)

79
Q

Abducts and medially rotates thigh/femur; assists in free leg swing when walking

A

Gluteus medius

80
Q

The gluteal region is a major site for administering

A

intramuscular injections

81
Q

Injections are most often applied to the

A

gluteus medias

82
Q

Infants and toddlers receive intramuscular shots in the

A

vastus lateralis

83
Q

Steadis pelvis on femur head. Hip abduction and medial rotation of thigh

A

Tensor fascia lata

84
Q

Adduct and medially rotate thigh

A

Adductor longus, brevis, and magnus

85
Q

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh

A

Sartorius

86
Q

Adducts and medial rotates hip and flexion at knee

A

Gracilis

87
Q

A 3-sided depression that lies on the anterosuperior surface of the thigh

A

femroal triangle

88
Q

The _____ descends through the femoral triangle

A

femoral artery

89
Q

As a group, powerful extensors of lower leg at knee, used in running, climbing, and jumping

A

-Quadriceps femoris:
-rectus femoris
-vastus intermedialis
-vastus lateralis
-vastus medialis

90
Q

The quadriceps femoris muscle can be used. to test the _____ in cases of suspected nerve damage

A

femoral nerve

91
Q

These 3 muscles located in the posterior of the thigh cross both the hip and knee joints and are the prime movers of thigh extension and knee flexion

A

Hamstrings:
-Biceps femoris
-Semimembranosus
-Semitendinosus

92
Q

common sport injuries especially when running hard

A

pulled hamstrings

93
Q

The diamond-shaped hollow region that contains the popliteal artery

A

popliteal fossa

94
Q

The diamond-shaped hollow region that contains the popliteal artery

A

popliteal fossa

95
Q

Superficial muscle of pair. Plantar flexes foot when leg is extended; weakly flexes knee when foot is dorsiflexed

A

Gastrocnemius

96
Q

Deep to gastrocnemius. Plantar flexes foot

A

Soleus

97
Q

Largest tendon in body; attachment for gastrocnemius and soleus

A

Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

98
Q

Superficial muscle of anterior leg; parallels tibia; prime mover of dorsiflexion of foot. Also inverts foot

A

Tibialis anterior

99
Q

Superficial lateral muscle of leg over fibula. Plantar flexes and everts foot

A

Fibularis (Peroneus) longus

100
Q

Hairline fractures resulting from repeated shocks or impacts to a bone

A

Stress fracture

101
Q

Overstretched ligaments resulting in tearing of the collagen fibers

A

Sprain

102
Q

Pain in the anterior compartment of the leg (tibia) caused by irritation and swelling of the tibialis anterior muscle, typically following unusual or extreme exercise

A

Shin splints

103
Q

painful muscle spasms resulting from strain or contusions (tearing of the muscle with bleeding and pain). Common injury to quadriceps muscles in football players.

A

Charlie Horse

104
Q

Overstretching and or tearing of the fibrous band connecting the heel to the toes and supporting the arch of the foot. Common cause of pain in heel

A

Plantar Fascitis

105
Q

Commonly called a pulled muscle. Excessive stretching and tearing of the muscle due to overuse or improper use

A

Strain

106
Q

Damage to the deep fibular nerve, a branch of the sciatic nerve, paralysed the muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg resulting in the inability to dorsiflex the ankle, causing

A

foot drop

107
Q

What is the name of the articulation between the two pubic bones?

A

pubic symphysis

108
Q

The head of the femur articulates with the

A

Acetabulum of the pelvis

109
Q

What are the names of the two blunt projections near the proximal end of the femur?

A

Greater and lesser trochanter

110
Q

The lateral condyle of the femur articulates with the articular surface of the lateral condyle of the

A

tibia

111
Q

The shin bone is also known as the

A

tibia

112
Q

The lateral bone of the lower leg

A

fibula

Anatomy Lab (8 decks)

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