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Anatomy Lab > Central Nervous System (Ex. 12) > Flashcards

Central Nervous System (Ex. 12) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cranial Nerve I and its function?

A

Olfactory Nerve - special sensory: sense of smell

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2
Q

What is Cranial Nerve II and its function?

A

Optic Nerve - carries visual information from special sensory ganglia in the eyes. Arise at the retina.

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3
Q

What is Cranial Nerve III and its function?

A

Oculomotor Nerve - motor: eye movements. Moves the eye and raises the upper the upper eyelid.

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4
Q

What is Cranial Nerve IV and its function?

A

Trochlear Nerve - Motor: eye movements. Moves the eye down and to the side

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5
Q

What is Cranial Nerve V and its function?

A

Trigeminal Nerve - Mixed sensory and motor to face. Somatic sensory information from head/face. Motor control over muscles of mastication (mandibular branch)

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6
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VI and its function?

A

Abducens Nerve - Motor: eye movements. Moves eye laterally.

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7
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VII and its function?

A

Facial Nerve - Mixed: sensory and motor to face. Monitors proprioceptors in facial muscles and provide deep pressure sensations. Facial expressions.

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8
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VIII and its function?

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve - Special sensory: Balance, Equilibrium, and Hearing

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9
Q

What is Cranial Nerve IX and its function?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve - Mixed: Sensory and motor to head and neck. Sensory fibers are most abundant. Involved in swallowing, saliva secretion, blood pressure, and dissolved gases.

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10
Q

What is Cranial Nerve X and its function?

A

Vagus Nerve - Mixed: Sensory and motor. Widely distributed in the thorax and abdomen. Branches extensively to vital organs.

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11
Q

What is Cranial Nerve XI and its function?

A

Accessory Nerve - Motor to muscles of the neck and upper back

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12
Q

What is Cranial Nerve XII and its function?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve - Motor: tongue movements

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13
Q

What cranial nerves are not associated with the brainstem?

A

Cranial nerves I and II

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14
Q

_____ surrounds the 3rd ventricle.

A

Thalamus

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15
Q

The ______ produces the CSF.

A

Choroid Plexus

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16
Q

The _____ drains CSF.

A

Arachnoid granulation

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17
Q

The _____ connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles.

A

Cerebral aqueduct.

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18
Q

What are the cranial meninges from superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater –> Arachnoid mater –> Pia mater

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19
Q

What is continuous with the central canal?

A

4th ventricle

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20
Q

______ connects the lateral and 3rd ventricle.

A

Interventricular foramen

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21
Q

The _____ is outlined by the corpus callosum.

A

lateral ventricle

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22
Q

The _______ is attached to the hypothalamus and sits in the sella turcica.

A

Pituitary gland

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23
Q

The _______ space is where CSF circulates.

A

subarachnoid

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24
Q

The _____ space does not exist in healthy people.

A

Subdural

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25
Q

The _______ is the largest dural sinus.

A

Superior sagittal sinus

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26
Q

Inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and/or the spinal cord.

A

Meningitis

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27
Q

What may cause meningitis?

A

-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Fungal infections

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28
Q

What effect does the inflammation of the meninges have on the body?

A

Produces movement-associated pain and stiffness of the neck.

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29
Q

The sheep brain has a proportionally smaller _____ compared to the human brain.

A

cerebrum

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30
Q

The ______ is a tough, leathery outer covering.

A

Dura mater

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31
Q

The dura is a double layer between the two cerebral hemispheres and is called the ______, and between the cerebrum and cerebellum the _______.

A

falx cerebri; tentorium cerebelli

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32
Q

Beneath and probably sticking to the dura is the web-like ______, a thin, translucent layer.

A

arachnoid mater

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33
Q

Under the arachnoid layer is the subarachnoid space, which contains ______.

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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34
Q

Deep to the arachnoid is the ______, a very thin, vascular membrane on the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

A

pia mater

(Preserved blood vessels may give it a dark brown appearance.)

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35
Q

The most prominent features on the dorsal surface of the brain are the nearly symmetrical left and right _______ divided by a deep _______.

A

cerebrum hemispheres; longitudinal fissure

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36
Q

The surface of the cerebrum is covered with large folds of tissue called ____.

A

gyri

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37
Q

The grooves between the gyri are ______.

A

sulci

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38
Q

The deeper sulci are often termed _____.

A

fissures

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39
Q

The fissures used as landmarks to divide the surface of the cerebrum (the _________) into regions that roughly correspond to the overlying skull bone

A

cerebral cortex

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40
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

-Frontal
-Parietal
-Occipital
-Temporal

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41
Q

The smaller, rounded structure caudal (toward the spinal cord) to the cerebrum but still possessing gyri is the ______.

A

cerebellum

(Has smaller gyri that are roughly parallel to one another, unlike the convoluted gyri of the cerebrum)

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42
Q

A mass of white fibers connecting and allowing communication between two hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

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43
Q

A small, rounded body on the midline, nearest the cerebrum is the _______.

A

pineal body

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44
Q

The 4 rounded bumps caudal to the pineal body constitute the ______ of the midbrain.

A

Corpora quadrigemina

45
Q

The 4 bumps are the 2 _______ (the slightly larger pair) and the 2 _______.

A

superior colliculi; inferior collicula

46
Q

The midbrain is part of the brain division called the _____.

A

brainstem

47
Q

Between the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

midbrain

48
Q

The ________ are located at the extreme anterior end of the brain.

A

olfactory bulbs

49
Q

An X-shaped junction of fibers from the optic nerves of each eye

A

Optic chiasma

50
Q

The ______, part of the ______, is just posterior to the optic chiasma.

A

mammillary body; hypothalamus

51
Q

The stalk-like _______ projects ventrally from between the chiasma and the mamillary bodies.

A

infundibulum

52
Q

The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the _______, or ______.

A

pituitary gland; hypophysis

53
Q

Posterior to the infundibulum is the ______ which includes the ______, _____, and ______.

A

brainstem; midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

54
Q

The _____ is ventral to the corpus callosum and is composed of white fibers.

A

fornix

55
Q

Hollow cavities just ventral to the corpus callosum and penetrating deep into each hemisphere

A

lateral ventricles

56
Q

The lateral ventricles are separated by a thin membrane named the

A

septum pellucidum

57
Q

A tiny mass of capillaries within each ventricle that produces cerebrospinal fluid that fills each ventricle

A

choroid plexus

58
Q

The white matter pattern of the cerebellum

A

arbor vitae

59
Q

Inferior to the cerebellum is the ______ which is connected to the 3rd ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct

A

4th ventricle

60
Q

Below the ventricles is the _____.

A

thalamus

61
Q

Asking a patient to read the letters on a typical Snellen eye chart

A

The optic nerve

(Cranial nerve II)

62
Q

Have your patient shrug their shoulders against resistance as you push down

A

Accessory nerve

(Cranial nerve XI)

63
Q

Ask your patient to sniff and identify specific aromas

A

The olfactory nerve

(Cranial Nerve I)

64
Q

Ask your patient to protract and retract their tongue.

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

(Cranial Nerve XII)

65
Q

Use a tuning fork, test your patient’s hearing ability.

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve
(Cranial nerve XIII)

66
Q

Shine a penlight on your patient’s pupils to see if they respond

A

Oculomotor Nerve

(Cranial Nerve III)

67
Q

Ask your patient to look up, down, medially, and laterally

A

Abducens Nerve

(Cranial Nerve VI)

68
Q

Test your patient’s ability to taste sugar by applying a bit to the front of their tongue. Alternatively, ask them to smile.

A

Facial Nerve

(Cranial Nerve VII)

69
Q

Have your patient bite down on a tongue depressor while you try to pull it out. Or lightly touch your patient’s cornea to see if they blink.

A

Trigeminal Nerve

(Cranial Nerve V)

70
Q

Infusing local anesthetic agents into the space between the dura and the bony interior of the vertebral canal. Desirable in surgeries involving the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs.

A

Epidural Anesthesia

71
Q

Serve as supporting and bracing structures, holding the arms away from the thorax and serving as attachment sites for many muscles

A

Clavicle

72
Q

When the clavicle is fractured, the S-shape of the clavicle causes splinter outwards (anteriorly). Why is this safer than splintering backwards?

A

It could damage the brachial plexus and subclavian artery

73
Q

An injury to the acromioclavicular joint often results from direct forceful trauma to the point of the shoulder when the shoulder hits the ground.

A

Separated shoulder

(The healed tears to the ligaments in the joint are never as strong as before the injury)

74
Q

A disturbance between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

A

Dislocated shoulder

75
Q

A painful irritation of the lateral epicondyle of the humorous at the site of the attachment of the extensor muscle group. Precipitated by repeated supination/extension of the forearm

A

Tennis Elbow / Lateral Epicondylitis

76
Q

Forms the point of the elbow

A

Olecranon process

77
Q

Funny bone nerve

A

Ulnar nerve

78
Q

The _____ has more direct contact with the hand.

A

radius

79
Q

The ____ has greater continuity with the humerus.

A

ulna

80
Q

The largest depression located on the anterior aspect of the scapula

A

subscapular fossa

81
Q

The acromion of the scapula articulates with the

A

lateral end of the clavicle

82
Q

The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the

A

sternum (manubrim)

83
Q

The olecranon fossa of the humerus articulates with the

A

olecranon process of the ulna

84
Q

At the distal end of the humerus, articulating with the ulna, is the

A

trochlea

85
Q

This bone articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

A

Radius

86
Q

The two antebrachial bones “cross-over” during

A

pronation of the hand

87
Q

The styloid process of the ______ points toward the thumb.

A

radius

88
Q

Typically a wrist-watch is worn around

A

the proximal carpal bones

(Or over the distal ends of the radius and ulna)

89
Q

The prime mover of arm abduction

A

Deltoid

90
Q

Forms the rounded superior part of the should and is the site of intramuscular injections

A

Deltoid

91
Q

Rotator cuff involved tendons of 4 muscles

A

-Supraspinatus
-Infraspinatus
-Teres minor
-Subscapularis

(SITS)

(Stabilize and strengthen the shoulder joint)
(Muscles are responsible for circumduction of the arm)

92
Q

The primer mover of forearm extension at the elbow

A

Triceps brachii

93
Q

Flexes and supinates forearm. Think about turning and pulling out a corkscrew,

A

Biceps brachii

94
Q

The groove that contains the large brachial artery

A

Bicipital furrow

95
Q

The artery routinely used in measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer

A

Brachial artery

96
Q

When flexing the elbow, a bulge where the muscle belly is located, called the “Popeye sign”

A

Rupture of the biceps tendon

97
Q

Major flexor of forearm at the elbow

A

Brachialis

98
Q

Flexion of forearm along with brachialis

A

Brachioradialis

99
Q

On the anterior surface of the elbow is a triangular depression called the ________ that contains the _______ often used to draw venous blood or infuse IV fluids.

A

antecubital fossa; median cubital vein (MCV)

100
Q

The _____ is deep to the MCV so care must be taken when puncturing the vein

A

brachial artery

101
Q

The tendons of the forearm muscles are anchored at the wrist by the _____ and ______, a thick band of fascia which acts like a wrist band keeping the tendons stable.

A

flexor; extensor retinacula

102
Q

The forearm muscles are divided into 2 compartments, each with superficial and deep layers

A

anterior flexors; posterior extensors

103
Q

A sign of radial nerve injury that has occurred proximal to the elbow

A

Wrist drop

104
Q

Results from overuse of the flexor tendons leading to inflammation around the tendons. This compresses the median nerve going through the tunnel resulting in pain and numbness in the hand

A

Carpel Tunnel Syndrome

105
Q

Bulbous swellings on the dorsal surface of the wrist that appear periodically

A

Ganglia at the wrist

106
Q

The ______ muscles are 4 short muscles located at the base of the thumb

A

thenar muscles

107
Q

A triangular depression outlined by 2 tendons at the base of the thumb

A

anatomical snuffbox

108
Q

Provides a site for drawing blood and inserting intravenous catheters and is sometimes preferred over the median cubital vein of the arm

A

Dorsal venous network

Anatomy Lab (8 decks)

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