Central Nervous System (Ex. 12) Flashcards by Ashley Banas

What is Cranial Nerve I and its function?

Olfactory Nerve - special sensory: sense of smell

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What is Cranial Nerve II and its function?

Optic Nerve - carries visual information from special sensory ganglia in the eyes. Arise at the retina.

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What is Cranial Nerve III and its function?

Oculomotor Nerve - motor: eye movements. Moves the eye and raises the upper the upper eyelid.

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What is Cranial Nerve IV and its function?

Trochlear Nerve - Motor: eye movements. Moves the eye down and to the side

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What is Cranial Nerve V and its function?

Trigeminal Nerve - Mixed sensory and motor to face. Somatic sensory information from head/face. Motor control over muscles of mastication (mandibular branch)

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What is Cranial Nerve VI and its function?

Abducens Nerve - Motor: eye movements. Moves eye laterally.

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What is Cranial Nerve VII and its function?

Facial Nerve - Mixed: sensory and motor to face. Monitors proprioceptors in facial muscles and provide deep pressure sensations. Facial expressions.

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What is Cranial Nerve VIII and its function?

Vestibulocochlear Nerve - Special sensory: Balance, Equilibrium, and Hearing

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What is Cranial Nerve IX and its function?

Glossopharyngeal Nerve - Mixed: Sensory and motor to head and neck. Sensory fibers are most abundant. Involved in swallowing, saliva secretion, blood pressure, and dissolved gases.

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What is Cranial Nerve X and its function?

Vagus Nerve - Mixed: Sensory and motor. Widely distributed in the thorax and abdomen. Branches extensively to vital organs.

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What is Cranial Nerve XI and its function?

Accessory Nerve - Motor to muscles of the neck and upper back

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What is Cranial Nerve XII and its function?

Hypoglossal Nerve - Motor: tongue movements

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What cranial nerves are not associated with the brainstem?

Cranial nerves I and II

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_____ surrounds the 3rd ventricle.

Thalamus

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The ______ produces the CSF.

Choroid Plexus

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The _____ drains CSF.

Arachnoid granulation

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The _____ connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles.

Cerebral aqueduct.

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What are the cranial meninges from superficial to deep?

Dura mater –> Arachnoid mater –> Pia mater

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What is continuous with the central canal?

4th ventricle

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______ connects the lateral and 3rd ventricle.

Interventricular foramen

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The _____ is outlined by the corpus callosum.

lateral ventricle

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The _______ is attached to the hypothalamus and sits in the sella turcica.

Pituitary gland

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The _______ space is where CSF circulates.

subarachnoid

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The _____ space does not exist in healthy people.

Subdural

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The _______ is the largest dural sinus.

Superior sagittal sinus

Inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and/or the spinal cord.

Meningitis

What may cause meningitis?

-Bacteria -Viruses -Fungal infections

What effect does the inflammation of the meninges have on the body?

Produces movement-associated pain and stiffness of the neck.

The sheep brain has a proportionally smaller _____ compared to the human brain.

cerebrum

The ______ is a tough, leathery outer covering.

Dura mater

The dura is a double layer between the two cerebral hemispheres and is called the ______, and between the cerebrum and cerebellum the _______.

falx cerebri; tentorium cerebelli

Beneath and probably sticking to the dura is the web-like ______, a thin, translucent layer.

arachnoid mater

Under the arachnoid layer is the subarachnoid space, which contains ______.

cerebrospinal fluid

Deep to the arachnoid is the ______, a very thin, vascular membrane on the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

pia mater (Preserved blood vessels may give it a dark brown appearance.)

The most prominent features on the dorsal surface of the brain are the nearly symmetrical left and right _______ divided by a deep _______.

cerebrum hemispheres; longitudinal fissure

The surface of the cerebrum is covered with large folds of tissue called ____.

gyri

The grooves between the gyri are ______.

sulci

The deeper sulci are often termed _____.

fissures

The fissures used as landmarks to divide the surface of the cerebrum (the _________) into regions that roughly correspond to the overlying skull bone

cerebral cortex

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

-Frontal -Parietal -Occipital -Temporal

The smaller, rounded structure caudal (toward the spinal cord) to the cerebrum but still possessing gyri is the ______.

cerebellum (Has smaller gyri that are roughly parallel to one another, unlike the convoluted gyri of the cerebrum)

A mass of white fibers connecting and allowing communication between two hemispheres

Corpus callosum

A small, rounded body on the midline, nearest the cerebrum is the _______.

pineal body

The 4 rounded bumps caudal to the pineal body constitute the ______ of the midbrain.

Corpora quadrigemina

The 4 bumps are the 2 _______ (the slightly larger pair) and the 2 _______.

superior colliculi; inferior collicula

The midbrain is part of the brain division called the _____.

brainstem

Between the cerebrum and cerebellum

midbrain

The ________ are located at the extreme anterior end of the brain.

olfactory bulbs

An X-shaped junction of fibers from the optic nerves of each eye

Optic chiasma

The ______, part of the ______, is just posterior to the optic chiasma.

mammillary body; hypothalamus

The stalk-like _______ projects ventrally from between the chiasma and the mamillary bodies.

infundibulum

The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the _______, or ______.

pituitary gland; hypophysis

Posterior to the infundibulum is the ______ which includes the ______, _____, and ______.

brainstem; midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

The _____ is ventral to the corpus callosum and is composed of white fibers.

fornix

Hollow cavities just ventral to the corpus callosum and penetrating deep into each hemisphere

lateral ventricles

The lateral ventricles are separated by a thin membrane named the

septum pellucidum

A tiny mass of capillaries within each ventricle that produces cerebrospinal fluid that fills each ventricle

choroid plexus

The white matter pattern of the cerebellum

arbor vitae

Inferior to the cerebellum is the ______ which is connected to the 3rd ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct

4th ventricle

Below the ventricles is the _____.

thalamus

Asking a patient to read the letters on a typical Snellen eye chart

The optic nerve (Cranial nerve II)

Have your patient shrug their shoulders against resistance as you push down

Accessory nerve (Cranial nerve XI)

Ask your patient to sniff and identify specific aromas

The olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I)

Ask your patient to protract and retract their tongue.

Hypoglossal Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)

Use a tuning fork, test your patient's hearing ability.

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Cranial nerve XIII)

Shine a penlight on your patient's pupils to see if they respond

Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)

Ask your patient to look up, down, medially, and laterally

Abducens Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI)

Test your patient's ability to taste sugar by applying a bit to the front of their tongue. Alternatively, ask them to smile.

Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)

Have your patient bite down on a tongue depressor while you try to pull it out. Or lightly touch your patient's cornea to see if they blink.

Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V)

Infusing local anesthetic agents into the space between the dura and the bony interior of the vertebral canal. Desirable in surgeries involving the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs.

Epidural Anesthesia

Serve as supporting and bracing structures, holding the arms away from the thorax and serving as attachment sites for many muscles

Clavicle

When the clavicle is fractured, the S-shape of the clavicle causes splinter outwards (anteriorly). Why is this safer than splintering backwards?

It could damage the brachial plexus and subclavian artery

An injury to the acromioclavicular joint often results from direct forceful trauma to the point of the shoulder when the shoulder hits the ground.

Separated shoulder (The healed tears to the ligaments in the joint are never as strong as before the injury)

A disturbance between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Dislocated shoulder

A painful irritation of the lateral epicondyle of the humorous at the site of the attachment of the extensor muscle group. Precipitated by repeated supination/extension of the forearm

Tennis Elbow / Lateral Epicondylitis

Forms the point of the elbow

Olecranon process

Funny bone nerve

Ulnar nerve

The _____ has more direct contact with the hand.

radius

The ____ has greater continuity with the humerus.

ulna

The largest depression located on the anterior aspect of the scapula

subscapular fossa

The acromion of the scapula articulates with the

lateral end of the clavicle

The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the

sternum (manubrim)

The olecranon fossa of the humerus articulates with the

olecranon process of the ulna

At the distal end of the humerus, articulating with the ulna, is the

trochlea

This bone articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

Radius

The two antebrachial bones "cross-over" during

pronation of the hand

The styloid process of the ______ points toward the thumb.

radius

Typically a wrist-watch is worn around

the proximal carpal bones (Or over the distal ends of the radius and ulna)

The prime mover of arm abduction

Deltoid

Forms the rounded superior part of the should and is the site of intramuscular injections

Deltoid

Rotator cuff involved tendons of 4 muscles

-Supraspinatus -Infraspinatus -Teres minor -Subscapularis (SITS) (Stabilize and strengthen the shoulder joint) (Muscles are responsible for circumduction of the arm)

The primer mover of forearm extension at the elbow

Triceps brachii

Flexes and supinates forearm. Think about turning and pulling out a corkscrew,

Biceps brachii

The groove that contains the large brachial artery

Bicipital furrow

The artery routinely used in measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer

Brachial artery

When flexing the elbow, a bulge where the muscle belly is located, called the "Popeye sign"

Rupture of the biceps tendon

Major flexor of forearm at the elbow

Brachialis

Flexion of forearm along with brachialis

Brachioradialis

On the anterior surface of the elbow is a triangular depression called the ________ that contains the _______ often used to draw venous blood or infuse IV fluids.

antecubital fossa; median cubital vein (MCV)

The _____ is deep to the MCV so care must be taken when puncturing the vein

brachial artery

The tendons of the forearm muscles are anchored at the wrist by the _____ and ______, a thick band of fascia which acts like a wrist band keeping the tendons stable.

flexor; extensor retinacula

The forearm muscles are divided into 2 compartments, each with superficial and deep layers

anterior flexors; posterior extensors

A sign of radial nerve injury that has occurred proximal to the elbow

Wrist drop

Results from overuse of the flexor tendons leading to inflammation around the tendons. This compresses the median nerve going through the tunnel resulting in pain and numbness in the hand

Carpel Tunnel Syndrome

Bulbous swellings on the dorsal surface of the wrist that appear periodically

Ganglia at the wrist

The ______ muscles are 4 short muscles located at the base of the thumb

thenar muscles

A triangular depression outlined by 2 tendons at the base of the thumb

anatomical snuffbox

Provides a site for drawing blood and inserting intravenous catheters and is sometimes preferred over the median cubital vein of the arm

Dorsal venous network