Central Nervous System (Ex. 12) Flashcards
What is Cranial Nerve I and its function?
Olfactory Nerve - special sensory: sense of smell
What is Cranial Nerve II and its function?
Optic Nerve - carries visual information from special sensory ganglia in the eyes. Arise at the retina.
What is Cranial Nerve III and its function?
Oculomotor Nerve - motor: eye movements. Moves the eye and raises the upper the upper eyelid.
What is Cranial Nerve IV and its function?
Trochlear Nerve - Motor: eye movements. Moves the eye down and to the side
What is Cranial Nerve V and its function?
Trigeminal Nerve - Mixed sensory and motor to face. Somatic sensory information from head/face. Motor control over muscles of mastication (mandibular branch)
What is Cranial Nerve VI and its function?
Abducens Nerve - Motor: eye movements. Moves eye laterally.
What is Cranial Nerve VII and its function?
Facial Nerve - Mixed: sensory and motor to face. Monitors proprioceptors in facial muscles and provide deep pressure sensations. Facial expressions.
What is Cranial Nerve VIII and its function?
Vestibulocochlear Nerve - Special sensory: Balance, Equilibrium, and Hearing
What is Cranial Nerve IX and its function?
Glossopharyngeal Nerve - Mixed: Sensory and motor to head and neck. Sensory fibers are most abundant. Involved in swallowing, saliva secretion, blood pressure, and dissolved gases.
What is Cranial Nerve X and its function?
Vagus Nerve - Mixed: Sensory and motor. Widely distributed in the thorax and abdomen. Branches extensively to vital organs.
What is Cranial Nerve XI and its function?
Accessory Nerve - Motor to muscles of the neck and upper back
What is Cranial Nerve XII and its function?
Hypoglossal Nerve - Motor: tongue movements
What cranial nerves are not associated with the brainstem?
Cranial nerves I and II
_____ surrounds the 3rd ventricle.
Thalamus
The ______ produces the CSF.
Choroid Plexus
The _____ drains CSF.
Arachnoid granulation
The _____ connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles.
Cerebral aqueduct.
What are the cranial meninges from superficial to deep?
Dura mater –> Arachnoid mater –> Pia mater
What is continuous with the central canal?
4th ventricle
______ connects the lateral and 3rd ventricle.
Interventricular foramen
The _____ is outlined by the corpus callosum.
lateral ventricle
The _______ is attached to the hypothalamus and sits in the sella turcica.
Pituitary gland
The _______ space is where CSF circulates.
subarachnoid
The _____ space does not exist in healthy people.
Subdural
The _______ is the largest dural sinus.
Superior sagittal sinus
Inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and/or the spinal cord.
Meningitis
What may cause meningitis?
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Fungal infections
What effect does the inflammation of the meninges have on the body?
Produces movement-associated pain and stiffness of the neck.
The sheep brain has a proportionally smaller _____ compared to the human brain.
cerebrum
The ______ is a tough, leathery outer covering.
Dura mater
The dura is a double layer between the two cerebral hemispheres and is called the ______, and between the cerebrum and cerebellum the _______.
falx cerebri; tentorium cerebelli
Beneath and probably sticking to the dura is the web-like ______, a thin, translucent layer.
arachnoid mater
Under the arachnoid layer is the subarachnoid space, which contains ______.
cerebrospinal fluid
Deep to the arachnoid is the ______, a very thin, vascular membrane on the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
pia mater
(Preserved blood vessels may give it a dark brown appearance.)
The most prominent features on the dorsal surface of the brain are the nearly symmetrical left and right _______ divided by a deep _______.
cerebrum hemispheres; longitudinal fissure
The surface of the cerebrum is covered with large folds of tissue called ____.
gyri
The grooves between the gyri are ______.
sulci
The deeper sulci are often termed _____.
fissures
The fissures used as landmarks to divide the surface of the cerebrum (the _________) into regions that roughly correspond to the overlying skull bone
cerebral cortex
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?
-Frontal
-Parietal
-Occipital
-Temporal
The smaller, rounded structure caudal (toward the spinal cord) to the cerebrum but still possessing gyri is the ______.
cerebellum
(Has smaller gyri that are roughly parallel to one another, unlike the convoluted gyri of the cerebrum)
A mass of white fibers connecting and allowing communication between two hemispheres
Corpus callosum
A small, rounded body on the midline, nearest the cerebrum is the _______.
pineal body
The 4 rounded bumps caudal to the pineal body constitute the ______ of the midbrain.
Corpora quadrigemina
The 4 bumps are the 2 _______ (the slightly larger pair) and the 2 _______.
superior colliculi; inferior collicula
The midbrain is part of the brain division called the _____.
brainstem
Between the cerebrum and cerebellum
midbrain
The ________ are located at the extreme anterior end of the brain.
olfactory bulbs
An X-shaped junction of fibers from the optic nerves of each eye
Optic chiasma
The ______, part of the ______, is just posterior to the optic chiasma.
mammillary body; hypothalamus
The stalk-like _______ projects ventrally from between the chiasma and the mamillary bodies.
infundibulum
The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the _______, or ______.
pituitary gland; hypophysis
Posterior to the infundibulum is the ______ which includes the ______, _____, and ______.
brainstem; midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
The _____ is ventral to the corpus callosum and is composed of white fibers.
fornix
Hollow cavities just ventral to the corpus callosum and penetrating deep into each hemisphere
lateral ventricles
The lateral ventricles are separated by a thin membrane named the
septum pellucidum
A tiny mass of capillaries within each ventricle that produces cerebrospinal fluid that fills each ventricle
choroid plexus
The white matter pattern of the cerebellum
arbor vitae
Inferior to the cerebellum is the ______ which is connected to the 3rd ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
Below the ventricles is the _____.
thalamus
Asking a patient to read the letters on a typical Snellen eye chart
The optic nerve
(Cranial nerve II)
Have your patient shrug their shoulders against resistance as you push down
Accessory nerve
(Cranial nerve XI)
Ask your patient to sniff and identify specific aromas
The olfactory nerve
(Cranial Nerve I)
Ask your patient to protract and retract their tongue.
Hypoglossal Nerve
(Cranial Nerve XII)
Use a tuning fork, test your patient’s hearing ability.
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
(Cranial nerve XIII)
Shine a penlight on your patient’s pupils to see if they respond
Oculomotor Nerve
(Cranial Nerve III)
Ask your patient to look up, down, medially, and laterally
Abducens Nerve
(Cranial Nerve VI)
Test your patient’s ability to taste sugar by applying a bit to the front of their tongue. Alternatively, ask them to smile.
Facial Nerve
(Cranial Nerve VII)
Have your patient bite down on a tongue depressor while you try to pull it out. Or lightly touch your patient’s cornea to see if they blink.
Trigeminal Nerve
(Cranial Nerve V)
Infusing local anesthetic agents into the space between the dura and the bony interior of the vertebral canal. Desirable in surgeries involving the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs.
Epidural Anesthesia
Serve as supporting and bracing structures, holding the arms away from the thorax and serving as attachment sites for many muscles
Clavicle
When the clavicle is fractured, the S-shape of the clavicle causes splinter outwards (anteriorly). Why is this safer than splintering backwards?
It could damage the brachial plexus and subclavian artery
An injury to the acromioclavicular joint often results from direct forceful trauma to the point of the shoulder when the shoulder hits the ground.
Separated shoulder
(The healed tears to the ligaments in the joint are never as strong as before the injury)
A disturbance between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Dislocated shoulder
A painful irritation of the lateral epicondyle of the humorous at the site of the attachment of the extensor muscle group. Precipitated by repeated supination/extension of the forearm
Tennis Elbow / Lateral Epicondylitis
Forms the point of the elbow
Olecranon process
Funny bone nerve
Ulnar nerve
The _____ has more direct contact with the hand.
radius
The ____ has greater continuity with the humerus.
ulna
The largest depression located on the anterior aspect of the scapula
subscapular fossa
The acromion of the scapula articulates with the
lateral end of the clavicle
The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the
sternum (manubrim)
The olecranon fossa of the humerus articulates with the
olecranon process of the ulna
At the distal end of the humerus, articulating with the ulna, is the
trochlea
This bone articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
Radius
The two antebrachial bones “cross-over” during
pronation of the hand
The styloid process of the ______ points toward the thumb.
radius
Typically a wrist-watch is worn around
the proximal carpal bones
(Or over the distal ends of the radius and ulna)
The prime mover of arm abduction
Deltoid
Forms the rounded superior part of the should and is the site of intramuscular injections
Deltoid
Rotator cuff involved tendons of 4 muscles
-Supraspinatus
-Infraspinatus
-Teres minor
-Subscapularis
(SITS)
(Stabilize and strengthen the shoulder joint)
(Muscles are responsible for circumduction of the arm)
The primer mover of forearm extension at the elbow
Triceps brachii
Flexes and supinates forearm. Think about turning and pulling out a corkscrew,
Biceps brachii
The groove that contains the large brachial artery
Bicipital furrow
The artery routinely used in measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer
Brachial artery
When flexing the elbow, a bulge where the muscle belly is located, called the “Popeye sign”
Rupture of the biceps tendon
Major flexor of forearm at the elbow
Brachialis
Flexion of forearm along with brachialis
Brachioradialis
On the anterior surface of the elbow is a triangular depression called the ________ that contains the _______ often used to draw venous blood or infuse IV fluids.
antecubital fossa; median cubital vein (MCV)
The _____ is deep to the MCV so care must be taken when puncturing the vein
brachial artery
The tendons of the forearm muscles are anchored at the wrist by the _____ and ______, a thick band of fascia which acts like a wrist band keeping the tendons stable.
flexor; extensor retinacula
The forearm muscles are divided into 2 compartments, each with superficial and deep layers
anterior flexors; posterior extensors
A sign of radial nerve injury that has occurred proximal to the elbow
Wrist drop
Results from overuse of the flexor tendons leading to inflammation around the tendons. This compresses the median nerve going through the tunnel resulting in pain and numbness in the hand
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
Bulbous swellings on the dorsal surface of the wrist that appear periodically
Ganglia at the wrist
The ______ muscles are 4 short muscles located at the base of the thumb
thenar muscles
A triangular depression outlined by 2 tendons at the base of the thumb
anatomical snuffbox
Provides a site for drawing blood and inserting intravenous catheters and is sometimes preferred over the median cubital vein of the arm
Dorsal venous network
