Joints (Articulations) Flashcards
Movement at a joint that decreases the angle between two bones
Flexion
Movement at a joint that increases the angle between two bones
Extension
An abnormal forced extension of a joint
Hyperextension
Movement away from the midline of the body
Abduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Adduction
Turning a structure around its long axis, as in turning our head
(looking left and right)
Rotation
Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly
Pronation
Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly
Supination
The movement of a joint that describes the shape of a cone
Circumduction
Moving a structure superiorly
Elevation
Moving a structure inferiorly
Depression
Sticking one’s jaw (or tongue) out in an anterior direction
Protraction
Sticking one’s jaw (or tongue) out in a posterior direction
Retraction
Standing on one’s tiptoes
Plantar flexion
Movement at the ankle that lifts toes towards the shin
(think walking on the heels)
Dorsiflexion
Turning of the ankle so that the sole of the foot faces laterally
Eversion
Turning of the ankle so that the sole of the foot faces medially
Inversion
Touching your thumb to the tips of your other fingers
(important in grasping)
Opposition
When the left upper extremity is abducted, it is moving ___ from the midline of the body?
away
Stand up and raise your left upper extremity to the side so that it is sticking straight out, parallel with the ground. Is that limb abducted or adducted?
Abducted
Which movement would allow you to return your left upper extremity to its starting anatomical position?
Adduction
If you bend your elbow joint bringing your forearm toward your shoulder, your elbow is exhibiting
Flexion
If you open up your elbow joint, making your arm straight, then your elbow is exhibiting
Extension
If you stand on your tippy toes like a ballet dancer, then your ankle is exhibiting
Plantar flexion
When standing in the anatomical position, the palms of the hands are facing _____ and the forearms are ______.
anteriorly; supinated
The bones of the body are held together by joints or _____, each with a specific structure and function.
articulations
Joints not only connect bones, but also allow for _______, so that the body can move.
flexibility of the skeleton
The study of joints
Arthrology
The study of movement and the structures involved
Kinesiology
Joints are classified by their
1.
2.
- Structure- what is holding the bones together
- Mobility - the amount of movement allowed between the bones
Joints fall into 4 categories:
-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-bony
-synovial
What are the fibrous structural types of joints?
-Suture
-Gomphoses
-Syndesmoses
Where are sutures located?
Only in the skull
(Immovable joint because fibrous connective tissue is very short)
Where are gomphoses located?
Holds tooth in socket
(Peg in socket joint. Short periodontal ligaments holding teeth in place. Immovable)
What are fibrous joints composed of?
Dense regular connective tissue
Where are syndesmoses located?
In ligaments connecting the tibia and fibula and the radius and ulna
(Range from immovable to somewhat movable dependent on college fiber length)
Mobility is largely dependent on ______.
the length of the collagen fibers.
(Longer = more movement allowed)
Cartilaginous tissues are composed of _____.
cartilage tissue
Where are synchondroses located?
Epiphyseal plate, sternum, between first rib and sternum
(Formed by hyaline cartilage. Immovable - want bone to grow correctly, need stable point of attachment.)
Where are symphyses located?
Pubic bone and intervertebral discs
Where is the bony joint synostosis located?
-Skull of infant
-Epiphyseal line
-Frontal and metotic sutures of the skull
(Think osteo - cartilaginous joint becomes ossified and replaced by bone tisse.
Resists compression, maintains shape, shock absorber. It is fibrocartilage joint.)
Where are synovial joints located?
Seen with appendages, such as the knee
(Fluid-filled joint making it movable.)
Joints fall into 3 categories based on mobility?
-Synarthroses
-Amphiarthroses
-Diarthroses
Function is tied to ____.
mobility
Describe the relative mobility of synarthroses ?
No movement - bony edges are close together and may intelock
(Located where movement must be prevented. Ossified to prevent it. Located in the bony joints, sutures, gomphosis, synchondrosis, synostosis.)
Describe the relative mobility of amphiarthroses.
Little movement - permits movement but it is stronger than a freely movable joint, connected by collagen or cartilage.
(Syndesmosis and symphysis)
Describe the relative mobility of diarthoses?
Free movement because of wide range of motion at joint
(Monaxial - movement in 1 plane(elbow, ankle)
(Diaxial - movement in 2 planes (wrist, ribs)
(Triaxial - movement in 3 planes (shoulder, hips)
(Synovial joints)
A majority of the joints in the body are classified as ____ joints.
synovial
In this type of joint, the bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity that permits a great deal of mobility.
Synovial joint
Several structures are common to all synovial joints:
-articular cartilage
-a synovial (joint) cavity with synovial fluid
-a synovial membrane
-the fibrous capsule
-accessory ligaments for support
The _____ secretes synovial fluid
synovial membrane.
(Lines the rest of the space to enclose it)
______ can be filled with synovial fluid that helps with friction reduction so that the articular cartilages can slide past each other freely and without damage.
Joint cavity
______ can be filled with synovial fluid that helps with friction reduction so that the articular cartilages can slide past each other freely and without damage.
Joint cavity
Fibrous joint capsule is compose of
dense irregular connective tissue
(located deep to ligament)
______ are dense, regular connective tissue connecting bone to bone to reinforce structure.
Ligaments
Specialized cartilage can be found in several locations including
-articular cartilages
-costal cartilages
-intervertebral discs
-menisci (in the knee)
Histologically, two types of cartilages are in joints.
-Hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
(Elastic cartilage is not found in joints but is seen in the ear and epiglottis)
All 3 cartilages contain _____, but vary in the abundance of fibers (collagen, elastic, or reticular) in the ________.
chondrocytes; matrix
Hyaline cartilage appears _____ on a microscope.
glossy
(collagen fibers are there but cannot be seen well. Glossy appearance in the matrix - cant distinguish individual collagen fibers)
Fibrocartilage looks like what under a microscope.
-Bundled collagen fibers
-Chondrocytes end up in rows running parallel to the observable collagen fibers
The knee joint is a common site of injury in sports. Frequently the damage occurs to either or both the ______ or _______.
Anterior or posterior cruciate ligament (ACL or PCL)
The ACL functions to
prevent forward sliding of the tibia and hyperextension of the knee
The PCL functions to
prevent excessive backward displacement of the tibia
You can test for a knee joint injury with the …
anterior or posterior drawer tests
______ refers to inflammation of the joint.
Arthritis
What are the three major types of arthritis?
-Osteoarthritis
-Rheumatoid arthritis
-Gouty arthritis
What are the main characteristics of osteoarthritis?
-Happens as people age
-Degenerative joint disease
-Results from cumulative wear and tear at the joint surfaces or from genetic factors affecting collagen formation
What are the main characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis?
-Autoimmune condition
-Inflammatory condition where the immune response mistakenly attacks the joint tissues
What are the main characteristics of Gouty arthritis?
-Fluid environment with abrasive crystals leads to inflammation
-Not drinking enough water can contribute
-Crystals of uric acid form within the synovial fluid of joints
_____ injury to the neck is a common outcome of rear-ended accidents. Describe how it occurs.
Whiplash
Movement of head resembles the cracking of a whip. It hyperextends and hyperflexes rapidly.
Would you expect the shoulder or hip joint to luxate more easily?
The shoulder - less reinforcement at joint and more shallow.
Also has less ligaments.
________ are common injuries resulting from sudden trauma to the vertebral column, especially when bending forward while lifting heavy objects.
Herniated intervertebral discs
True or False:
More weight need to bear = needs more reinforcement
True
_______ vertebrae look like a giraffe.
thoracic
_______ vertebrae look like a elephant.
lumbar
_____ vertebrae contain extra openings for nerves.
cervical
The _____ of the body consists of the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and perineum
Trunk
On the sternum, there is a
-jugular notch
-manubrium (triangular)
-sternal angle (ridge-like, where the manubrium meets the body, directs you to the second rib)
-body (flat)
-xiphoid process (tongue-shaped)
The body of the sternum contains a significant amount of ______ and is used as a site for the collection of diagnostic samples.
bone marrow
On the rib, there is a
-head (forms the joint)
-neck (narrow)
-tubercle (bump)
-body
What are the two ends of the ribs?
-Sternal end (broad)
-Vertebral end (articulates with vertebrae)
Direct attachment to sternum via costal cartilages
True ribs
(own individual attachment to sternum)
Special false ribs with no attachment to the sternum
Floating ribs
Indirect or no attachment to sternum
False ribs
The numbering of the vertebral column is
superior to inferior
The _____ is the v-shaped inferior edge of the ribcage
costal margin
There are ____ cervical vertebrae
7
(C1-C7)
C1 contains the ____ with ___ and ______.
atlas; anterior and posterior arches
C2 contains the ____ with the ____.
axis; dens
There are ____ thoracic vertebrae.
12
(T1-T12)
(Articulate with the ribs)
There are ____ lumbar vertebrae.
5
(L1-L5)
On the sacrum, there is
-sacral canal
-sacral promontory
-sacral foramina
The spine of ____, the ______, is especially prominent and can easily be felt at the base of the neck.
C7; vertebra prominens
The ____ is easy to palpate in the cleft of the buttocks.
Sacrum
You can feel the ____ in the extreme inferior part of that cleft.
coccyx
Define scoliosis.
Lateral side curvature.
Define kyphosis.
Exaggerated thoracic curvature
(Round back)
Define lordosis.
Exaggerated lumbar curvature
(Sway back)
_____ is performed by passing a long, thin needle between either L4 to L5 or L5 to S1
Lumbar puncutre
The spinal cord itself ends at ______.
L1 to L2
How many total pairs of ribs are present in the human body?
12
How many pairs and which ones are true ribs?
7 pairs: 1-7
How many pairs and which ones are false ribs?
5 pair: 8-12
How many pairs and which ones are floating ribs?
2 pairs: 11-12
This bony structure connects the bodies of most vertebra to the laminae
pedicle
Which structure is lacking from all thoracic vertebrae?
Transverse foramen
Which structure is lacking from all lumbar vertebrae?
Transverse costal facet
This spike-like structure is the inferior region of the sternum.
Xiphoid process
Prime mover of arm flexion; also adducts and medially rotates (push-ups)
Pectoralis major
Abducts and rotates scapula upwards (boxing muscle)
Serratus anterior
Elevates ribs during inhalation
External intercostals
Depresses ribs during forced exhalation
Internal intercostals
Prime mover of inhalation; increases thorax volume
Diaphragm
Flexes and rotates lumbar region of vertebral column; sit-ups
Rectus abdominis (with linea alba)
Flexes and rotates vertebral column; compresses abdomen
External and internal obliques
Compresses abdomen
Transversus abdominis
The axilla base is formed by two thick _____.
axillary folds
(Anterior fold is the edge of the pectoralis major. Posterior fold is the edge of the latissimus dorsi.)
The central landmark of the anterior abdominal wall is the _____.
umbilicus (navel)
Running superiorly and inferiorly from the umbilicus is the _____.
linea alba (white line)
(Favored site for surgical entry)
_____ is the spot on the anterior abdominal skin that lies directly superficial to the base of the appendix. This is the most common site of incision in _______.
McBurney’s Point; appendectomies
(Located 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to ASIS)
Elevates, rotates, retracts, and depresses the scapula. Shrugs the shoulders and extends the head.
Trapezius
Prime mover of arm extension; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates the arm at the should. “Chin up” muscles
Latissimus dorsi
A group of muscles (iliocostalis, longisimuss, and spinalis) running from the lumbar vertebra, sacrum, and iliac crest and attaching to the medial portions of the vertebra and ribs above. Primer movers of back extension. Common sites of back spasms.
Erroctor spinae
The vertical groove in the center of the back
Posterior median furrow
The superficial muscles of the back fail to cover a small area of the rib cage called the…
Triangle of auscultation
(Area for listening to lung sounds)
