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Making of Modern China > The Sino-Soviet Split 1958-1969 > Flashcards

The Sino-Soviet Split 1958-1969 Flashcards

1
Q

Sino Soviet Treaty when and what

A

1950 agreement of friendship between the two countries, 300 million sent to CCP and Soviet Union obtained mining rights in northern china

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2
Q

What quote showed Mao opposed blindly following Russia

A

‘Every fart has some smell and we cannot say all soviet farts smell sweet’

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3
Q

Why did Mao support communist Russia

A

He greatly opposed capitalist america

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4
Q

Why did Russia support PRC

A

They wanted to be seen as the greatest communist power by supporting all other communists, wanted a communist ally.

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5
Q

Why did Stalin disagree with Maos methods

A

He saw it as a crude method of communism which focused on peasant classes

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6
Q

How did Khrushchev initially help china when he replaced Stalin in 1953

A

He rescinded Russias mining rights, introduced more industrial and technological assistance

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7
Q

Khrushchev secret speech when and what

A

1956 criticised Stalins methods and the purges of the communist party, he advocated for desalinisation opposing the cult of Stalin

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8
Q

How did the secret speech cause tension with china

A
  • Rejected Chinas ‘caveman’ marxism
  • Mao believed the USSR were attempting to impose unequal treaties with china
  • Mao rejected desalinisation and peaceful co-existence
  • Didn’t consult Mao before
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9
Q

Peaceful Co-existence

A

Co existing with capitalism as in time the workers would rise against it, no need for supporting unstable worldwide revolution

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10
Q

What was Maos main belief about foreign powers

A

China must be self reliant in order to be strong, cant rely on foreign powers or be exploited by them, all Russian help he felt had exploitative intent

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11
Q

Sino soviet defence collaboration when and what

A

1958 Khrushchev proposed a joint pacific naval fleet manned by soviet officers, Soviets permission for naval repairs in chinese ports, long wave radio station based in china

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12
Q

What was Maos reaction to the Sino soviet defence collaborations demands

A

He interpreted the demands as attempts to violate Chinas sovereignty, slightly extreme reaction to the demands

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13
Q

Great Power Chauvinism

A

China saw attempts by USSR to impose themselves in china as this, Great powers only helped others to help themselves and always saw themselves as superior

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14
Q

What was the main thing greatly angering Mao about the Soviet Union

A

In the Korean War they had been promised nuclear weaponry by Russia but Soviet Union had been stalling as they didn’t trust Maos extremism with nukes

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15
Q

What can be used to show the antagonistic change in Maos attitude to kruschev from Stalin

A

His opposition to Khrushchevs demands but willingness to comply with Stalin in the Korean War

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16
Q

Example of Maos personal disdain for Khrushchev

A

In meetings he would continually blow smoke in Khrushchevs face showing disrespect, also proposed a meeting in a swimming pool as he was a great swimmer but Khrushchev couldn’t swim

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17
Q

Taiwan Crisis when and what

A

1858 China Bombed Taiwanese islands which they saw as a threat of GMD invasion, was actually a test of USSR alliance and to show USSR that they didn’t control china

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18
Q

What was the result of the Taiwan Crisis and how did this put strain on USSR Chinese relations

A

USA backed Taiwans soveirenty and warned that if they had to attack china this would also declare on ussr, Mao backed down but believed Khrushchev didn’t support china strongly, however Khrushchev believed Mao was rash and his actions posed the threat of nuclear war

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19
Q

What are all the reasons Mao disagreed with Khrushchev

A
  • accused him of revisionism
  • Destalinisationa dn peaceful coexistence
  • Saw him as a bureaucrat not. true communist focused on revolution
  • refusal to give china nukes
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20
Q

What are all the reasons Khrushchev disagreed with Mao

A
  • Irresponsible and hot headed
  • Unaware of potentially catastrophic consequnces of his actions so could be trusted with nukes
  • Naive in still believing communism could conjoin and rise against USA
  • Constant threats of nuclear war
  • Chinese duplicity
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21
Q

Revisionism

A

Revising the revolutionary Marists principles making change less radical and militant

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22
Q

Chinese duplicity

A

Mao was happy to accept USSR as leading communist power as hey were stronger and accept all the loans and military assistance, but would constantly criticise and challenge them for not being true marxists

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23
Q

What happened at the 40th anniversary of the October revolution in Moscow 1957

A

Mao publicly announced one day a nuclear war would annihilate capitalism, when asked how many Italian would survive a nuclear war he replied likely none and questioned why they were important to humanity

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24
Q

Why did Stalin exclude Yugoslavia from USSR assistance

A

They advocated heavily for peaceful co-existence

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25
Q

How did Khrushchev handling of Yugoslavia upset Mao

A

He welcomed them back into USSR alliance and promoted for different interpretations of Marxism, Mao saw this as revisionism and betrayal of fundamental communist principles as they were supposed to oppose all capitalism

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26
Q

How did Mao develop a cult of personality

A

He became a god like figure responsible for the revolution in china ridding capitalism nd foreign powers, 1961 little red book has Maos speeches and beliefs of Maoism

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27
Q

How did Khrushchevs criticisms of Stalin essentially apply directly to Mao

A

Mao organised many purges of the CCP like the futon incident, Mao also developed a cult of personality with propaganda and his red book

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28
Q

Why did Mao believe he could challenge Khrushchev

A

he saw Khrushchev as more of an equal or less than equal compared to him, whilst he respected Stalin and saw himself as the heir to world communism

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29
Q

What flaw did Mao see with the first five year plan

A

only 3% agricultural growth, Mao believed this to be the fault of following soviet strategies

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30
Q

What did Mao resort to in the great leap forward to improve agriculture

A

He used Stalinist ideas of establishing rural communes with forceful central collectivisation of peasants agricultural goods

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31
Q

How many communes in china by 1962

A

50,000

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32
Q

What did Mao believe about communes

A

he believed it would accelerate socialist development creating true communism, avoiding the reliance on heavy industry and more capitalist elements the USSR proposed

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33
Q

What did Mao hope to utilise

A

He hoped to mobilise Chinas huge population and by doing this they would become the worlds largest producers

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34
Q

What is the most clear landmark in the Sino-soviet split that shows the worsening relations

A

Russia withdrew economic assistance form china in 1960 as they didn’t support the second five year plan and Mao ignored the advisors

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35
Q

Why did Khrushchev start to distance himself from Mao and china

A

he didn’t want USA to think that they were planning a nuclear war or providing china with nuclear weapons

36
Q

Peng Duhai

A

A revolutionary and minister for defence, known he would travel to USSr and Khrushchev preferred him to Mao

37
Q

What did Peng Duhai do in 1959

A

he travelled round the PRC and realised that the second 5 year plan was not working, agricultural production wasn’t increasing as Mao hadn’t modernised the process just hoped by throwing more people at it it would increase

38
Q

What happened to Peng at the Lushan conference discussing progress of the Great Leap Forward

A

He raised his concerns but Mao reacted furiously accusing Peng of attacking his leadership and being a soviet spy, he was dismissed form his position

39
Q

What two ways was the Great Leap Forward worsened

A
  • Peng Duhai opposition reinvigorated the awful methods only making the effects worse
  • USSR withdrew assistance in 1860 which shut down many factories worsening the economy
40
Q

What did Deng accuse the USSR of

A

great Power chauvinism as their involvement only aimed to exploit china, all the soviet advisors were actually spies

41
Q

Why did China disagree with USSR nuclear policy

A

They believed now USSR had nukes they should be using them to revolutionise the world bringing communism by destroying the USA, but USSR were using them as a deterrent for world nuclear war

42
Q

What was Maos insult for Khrushchev

A

Old Boot, Khrushchev should be tossed away and forgotten about

43
Q

What did Khrushchev mainly believe about relationship with Mao

A

Mao always felt insult and suspicion of USSR trying to control them when they never did.

44
Q

How did Khrushchev combine communism with the post nuclear era

A

He argues that world revolution wasn’t viable anymore and that a more gradual process had to be taken, common sense of humanity should be maintained by avoiding nuclear war

45
Q

What are all the insults Khrushchev called Mao

A
  • Asian Hitler
  • Extremist
  • rhymed chinese leaders names with Russian insults
  • Buddha spouting muddled philosphies
  • dogmatist
  • Trotskyist
46
Q

Why can it be argued that the dislike between Mao and Khrushchev wasn’t the sole reason for the split

A

Because relations didn’t t improve after Khrushchevs successor Brezhnev took charge, Khrushchev provided a lot of assistance to Mao

47
Q

Why was Mao so threatened by the Soviet Union

A

He strongly disliked any foreign presence that showed any sort of intent of controlling china due to chinas past of being controlled by foreign powers, they also differed on views of communism

48
Q

Why were chinese emigrating to USSR controlled Xinjang

A

The hight of the famine in the great leap forward drove people ti the USSR where living conditions were better

49
Q

How many people left china between 1961-62

A

70,000

50
Q

How did Mao react to the emigrating chinese to the USSR

A

he thought the USSR were threatening chinas ideology by converting their people, trying to destabilise the CCP, Mao opted to gain international influence to challenge USSR as the leading world communist power

51
Q

Who led the Albanian Communist party and what did they believe in

A

Enver Hoxha, they were hardline stalinists and opposed USSR new policy of peaceful co-existence

52
Q

Sino-Albanian alliance what was it

A

China extended financial assistance to Albania when USSR withdrew

53
Q

How did PRC and USSR hide their insults

A

USSR insulted Albanian dogmatic stailinsim which was really directed at china. PRC insulted Yugoslavian revisionism which was directed at USSR

54
Q

What was the significance of the Sino-Albanian alliance

A

Gave the PRC presence in Europe where they could hope to extend their influence providing a rival world communist power to the USSR

55
Q

Where else did Mao press his ideas

A

In Africa and South America where ideas of peasant based developing nation revolutions were popular

56
Q

Why did opposition to the PRC begin in tibet in 1959

A

The famine resulting from the Great Leap Forward was worst in tibet causing them to act against the PRC, they were heavily suppressed in essentially a form of genocide

57
Q

Why did the situation in tibet cause the outbreak of the Sino-indian war in 1962

A

India felt uneasy about the number of PRC troops on their border, Tibet was also the home of the Dalai Lama of Buddhism which was one of Indias main religions

58
Q

What was the USSR reaction to the Sino-indian conflict

A
  • Supplied India with fighter planes
  • Occurred at time when Khrushchev was making diplomatic progress with USA so didn’t want to be seen with china
  • Khrushchev called it chinese incompetence and a stupid pointless war
  • USSR offered to mediate
59
Q

Why did the USSR reaction to the Sino Indian war greatly anger Mao

A

China expected soviet support as they were fighting against capitalist supported India and china were supposed to be communist ally, but they didn’t provide any support and condemned the war

60
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis when and what

A

1962 Usa invaded communist Cuba but was unsuccessful, USSR then installed soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba but this never transpired to war and both sides agreed against nuclear action

61
Q

Why did the Cuban Missile crisis anger Mao

A

Society gave Cuba nuclear weapons before China, Khrushchev also seen as a coward as he backed down when given the opportunity to carry out communist revolution and eradicate capitalism, revisionist

62
Q

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty when and what

A

1963 agreed to cease nuclear testing over-ground and stopped countries without nuclear capabilities from getting them

63
Q

Why did the test ban treaty anger Mao

A

Prevented hint from obtaining nuclear weapons showing USSR saw them as inferior and didn’t trust them.

64
Q

What did the PRC develop in 1964

A

They developed their own nuclear weapons after salvaging USSR destroyed documents

65
Q

Why was their chance for reconciliation between USSR and PRC in 1964

A

Chance for reconciliation with USSR when Brezhnev came into power, but

66
Q

Malinovsky Affair 1964

A

USSR defence secretary drunkedly remarked that USSR removed their fool in Khrushchev so PRC should remove theirs. PRC interpreted this as laying seeds of an anti-Mao coup

67
Q

What caused the Cultural Revolution in 1966

A
  • Maos return to government after the failure of the Great Leap Forward
  • Mao wanted to quell suspicions of a coupe and revisionism in china by purging them
  • Wanted to destroy old chinese culture
  • wanting to remove all foreign influence
  • cult of Mao
68
Q

What was the cultural revolution a perfect example of one of Maos beliefs

A

Continuing revolution, ongoing communist revolution keeping out capitalist and revisionist influences

69
Q

Events of the cultural revolution

A
  • Forming of Red Guard people who would openly attack anything against communism
  • Attack many party officials businessmen teachers
  • Pogrom Army rounded up undesirables and killed them
70
Q

Cultural Revolution dates

A

1966-76

71
Q

Who took part in the cultural revolution

A

Younger students who had no ties to the world and were brought up brainwashed in Maos communist ideas

72
Q

Brezhnev doctrine when and what

A

1968 USSR would forcefully intervene in any communist nation if they felt there were large threats to communism

73
Q

Prague Spring 1968

A

Small revolution against communist oppression but was put down under the Brezhnev doctrine

74
Q

How did the Brezhnev doctrine threaten Mao

A
  • Could be used as reason for USSR to engage in conflict with China as cultural revolution was anti-soviet
  • Mao didn’t believe USSr should be interfering in other communist countries
  • Saw the USSR as fascist
75
Q

Lin Biao coup 1971

A

Attempted coup to assassinate Mao and defect to the USSr but failed only worsening relations

76
Q

How many incidents on the Sino-soviet border between 1964-69

A

4189

77
Q

Why was there an issue on the Xinjiang border

A

There was contention as to where the border was, USSR also had heavily military presence on the border by 1968 which Mao felt threatened by

78
Q

Why did Border issues in Xinjiang escalate

A

The cultural revolution emboldened the PLA in anti-soviet and nationalist ideals so skirmishes became more frequent and ferocious, chinese fear of Brezhnev doctrine

79
Q

When and where did escalated fighting break out between PRC and USSR

A

1969 Zhenbao island, lead to 60 Russian deaths

80
Q

What was USSR response to Zhenbao island

A

Some wanted nuclear action but instead missile strike was carried out killing 800 chinese, both countries then faced each other with nuclear weaponry

81
Q

How was potential war between Russia and china resolved in 1969

A

A diplomatic agreement was reached agreeing on borders and withdrawing troops

82
Q

What did the scare of war push china and Mao to in 1969

A

They saw revisionist Russia as a greater threat than capitalist USA so sought diplomatic ties with USA to strengthen their opposition to USSR

83
Q

Who was leader when Mao was ill

A

Zhou Enlai

84
Q

What confirmed the Sino-Soviet split

A

The potential conflict in 1969 and Mao denouncing USSR as no different than the colonist unequal nations in the 19th century, he then pursued USA alliance

85
Q

Main factors that caused the Sino-Soviet Split

A
  • Ideology differences
  • Nuclear
  • personality
  • Cultural revolution and Brezhnev doctrine
  • World view for both sides
  • Great Leap Forward, economic disputes
86
Q

What were all the ideological differences between PRC and USSR

A
  • peaceful co-exisyence
  • De salinisation and Revisionism
  • USSR rejected Maoist communism and views on economics, Mao rejected USSR bureaucratic methods
  • Revolutionary militant PRC
87
Q

How did the world view for both sides cause the split

A

PRC wanted to be seen as more of a challenge to ussr so increased their world view, USSR was scared world view would associate them with chinese nuclear intentions so aimed to distance themselves

Making of Modern China (7 decks)

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