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Making of Modern China > Opening up China to foreigners 1860-70 > Flashcards

Opening up China to foreigners 1860-70 Flashcards

1
Q

when did Britain initially try to open up China

A

1793

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2
Q

why did Britain fail initially

A

British representatives failed to perform the Kowtow

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3
Q

what is the Kowtow

A

sign of respect performed before the emperor

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4
Q

what caused the first Opium war in 1839

A

Chinese officials attempted to stop the British opium trade in china

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5
Q

events of the first opium war

A

Britain crushed china with their superior navy, Chinas military was very outdated

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6
Q

what were some terms in the Treaty of Nanjing

A
  • opened up 5 Chinese port cities to western trade
  • made Britian MFN
  • 21 million paid to Britain
  • Extraterritoriality
  • Honk kong was ceded to Britain
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7
Q

extraterritoriality

A

exempt from the jurisdiction of local law

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8
Q

Canton System

A

Chinas old foreign trade system were only a select few merchants by the emperor were allowed to trade with foreigners

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9
Q

why were Britain interested in China early on

A

Britain wanted to sell their goods in china as they saw a huge market, they also wanted Chinese porcelain and tea

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10
Q

When was the treaty of Nanjing

A

1842

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11
Q

what was the impact of treaty of Nanjing

A

seriously destabilised china and opened them up to foreigners, it only sparked foreign interest in china

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12
Q

Barbarian

A

inferior term for uncivilised people, china used it for foreigners

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13
Q

Why was Britain not happy with the treaty of Nanjing

A
  • Qing officials didn’t want to cooperate
  • Chinese citizens weren’t interested in British goods and couldn’t afford them
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14
Q

why were china happy to fight the foreigners in the mid 1800s

A

they still viewed themselves as military superior

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15
Q

what were the events in 1856 that Britain and France used as an excuse for war with china

A

Arrow incident where British merchants on the ship were arrested by China for smuggling, Britain then went to war as they received no apology or assurance, France also had a catholic missionary murdered

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16
Q

what were the events in the second opium war

A
  • British and French warships destroyed Chinese defence capturing Canton and threatening Beijing
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17
Q

What are the dates for the second opium war

A

1856-60

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18
Q

Terms of the Treaty of Tianjin 1860

A
  • Opium was legalised
  • Christianity was tolerated and missionaries allowed free movement
  • Opened up ten more treaty ports
  • Large war indemnity sums
  • clause permitting Chinese emigration on British ships
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19
Q

What happened in Tianjin in 1859

A

British and French officials travelled there to negotiate the treaty but China reignited their opposition and fought back which angered the foreigners further so the treaty became harsher and they burnt the summer palace.

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20
Q

Why was the treaty of Tianjin significant

A

it opened China up even further to foreign trade and opened them up culturally

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21
Q

who wanted to destroy the entire Forbidden City in 1860

A

Lord Elgin

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22
Q

Why did the British not want to be too harsh on the Qing dynasty and keep them in power

A

Britain didn’t want to endanger a Qing collapse which would jeopardise all their concessions and trade agreements, so they aimed for peace.

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23
Q

Taiping Rebellion

A

led by Hong Xiuquan rebelled against the Qing dynasty in favour of social reform

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24
Q

what is the date of the Taiping rebellion

A

1850-64

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25
Q

Why did the foreigners ally with China after the treaty of Tianjin and defeat the Taiping Rebellion

A

They wanted to protect their economic interests in China that stood with the Qing dynasty and didn’t want negotiate with a new government

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26
Q

What was the ever victorious army

A

The group of western mercenaries led by Frederick Townsend Ward who subdued the taiping rebellion

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27
Q

What was the change in China between 1800 and 1860

A

Foreigners had now become equal in China and it was Clear China must adopt foreign ways and methods to modernise and not collapse

28
Q

Self - Strengthening movement

A

China needed to adopt western strategies mainly military in order to be able to defeat them

29
Q

who was the new emperor after the treaty of Tianjin

A

Tongzhi

30
Q

What are some examples of the self strengthening movement

A
  • Jianghan Arsenal 1865
  • Fuzhou Shipyard
  • Sent students to learn abroad
31
Q

what were the flaws in the self strengthening movement

A

didn’t focus at all on infrastructure and industrialisation which would be necessary to truely modernise

32
Q

Why were treaty ports opening on the Yangtze significant

A

it allowed foreign trade to spread inland

33
Q

Why was legalising Opium significant

A

it hugely negatively impacted Chinas finances as so much money was spent on opium and benefitted Britain greatly

34
Q

Why was the opening of treaty ports significant

A

growth in foreign presence and trade which began to modernise china very slowly

35
Q

how did Britain abuse their extraterritoriality in treaty ports

A

they impose low tariffs so they could import in large amounts of British goods to china

36
Q

one example of foreign trade modernising in port cities

A

cotton mills were established in Shanghai

37
Q

Comprador

A

Chinese agents who worked for foreigners translating helping to promote foreign trade

38
Q

why were the Compradors significant

A

Chinas first entrepreneurs and first formation of a middle class in China which showed a growing modernisation

39
Q

what did the conservatives in the Qing Government believe

A

Opposed growth in foreign trade and adoption of anything foreign as it challenged sacred Chinese confucian values

40
Q

Why was foreign trade limited

A
  • restricted to only port cities
  • most Chinese population were too poor to buy foreign goods
  • conservative Government
41
Q

Tongzhi Restoration

A

Chinas attempt to modernise and strengthen following internal rebellions and opium wars

42
Q

Why did Shanghai prosper

A

its geography at the mouth of the Yangtze River and it already had established trade routes as a fishing port

43
Q

when did Britain establish a settlement in Shanghai and what did it cause

A

1845 and it became very western with luxury things and many banks like HSBC 1865

44
Q

Tongwenguan

A

school established in 1862 to teach foreign languages and science

45
Q

What was wrong with Chinas previous Education

A
  • Jinshi exams were thousands of years old
  • Studied only Chinese culture
  • Studies calligraphy
46
Q

when were other foreign language schools made in Shanghai and guagnzhou

A

1863

47
Q

Why were the jiangnan arsenal and Fuzhou shipyard schools significant

A

they educated students on western technology and languages feeling the self strengthening movement

48
Q

what is the Zongli Yamen and when was it set up

A

Chinese Governments first board of foreign ambassadors in 1860

49
Q

what did the Zongli Yamen aim to do

A

familiarise with international law and diplomacy so China would be exploited by unfair treaties again

50
Q

What is the example of Zongli Yamen and Prince Gongs growing diplomatic understanding in 1864

A

China pointed out the error in the Prussian capture of 3 danish ships in Chinese waters and were compensated.

51
Q

What was Elements of International Law 1836

A

Book about diplomacy used by zongli amen and translated in 1864

52
Q

What were other examples of growing diplomacy in the 1860s

A

China sent delegations on international missions to improve relations and understanding of the western world

53
Q

What was the most clear example of growing western influence in China

A

Growth of Christianity from missionaries

54
Q

Who did Christianity become popular with in China

A

poorer Chinese and oppressed minority groups who opposed Qing rule

55
Q

How did missionaries help China to modernise socially

A

Chinese converts to Christianity became associated with social reform as they were against the Qing and old Chinese traditions like foot binding

56
Q

how many Chinese converted by 1900

A

700 000 catholics

57
Q

Why was the hostility towards christians and converts

A
  • accused of rape and incest
  • associated with Taiping rebellion
58
Q

proselytising

A

converting to christianity

59
Q

Why were missionary schools significant

A
  • translated many western works
  • educated Chinese youth on christianity from a young age
  • gave basic learning to many Chinese
  • weakened the Qing by proposing alternative religion to confucian
60
Q

How did missionaries help socially

A
  • cared for diseased and opium addicts
  • created orphanages
  • helped give women status as women were significantly subservient in china
61
Q

What caused Chinese resentment that led to the Tianjin massacre in 1870

A
  • Catholic nuns had been kidnapping children for orphanages
  • Baptism caused disease
  • French church was constructed on site of buddhist temple
62
Q

feng shui

A

Chinese belief of the flow of energy and Catholic Churches blocked this

63
Q

What were the events that directly caused the Tianjin massacre

A

anti catholic protesters gathered outside the cathedral and a French diplomat demanded to the local magistrate that they dispersed and ended up shooting his servant

64
Q

what were the events of the Tianjin massacre

A
  • 60 converts and missionaries dead
  • French diplomat was murdered
  • cathedral and orphanage were burnt down
  • French gunboats were dispatched
65
Q

impact of the Tianjin massacre

A
  • Chinese instigators were executed and a formal apology presented
  • only further increased anti foreign feeling in china
  • Foreign distrust in Qing government
  • showed western powers were still far superior with gunboat diplomacy

Making of Modern China (7 decks)

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