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Making of Modern China > Defeat and Humiliation 1894 - 1901 > Flashcards

Defeat and Humiliation 1894 - 1901 Flashcards

1
Q

How many treaty ports by 1900

A

50

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2
Q

What happened internally in China between 1870 and 1894

A

Western influence grew with factories language schools and culture and democracy spreading into treaty ports and beyond, many Chinese still resisted

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3
Q

How did Japanese reaction to growing western influence in Asia differ to chinas

A

They chose to embrace the western technology and adopt it to modernise and industrialise their country

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4
Q

Meiji restoration

A

Japans modernisation in the style of the west, especially America, they centralised the government and introduced a constitution getting rid of the heritage of the samurai class and shoguns
—> Big focus on military development

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5
Q

Why didn’t cixi adopt the same method as Meiji

A

She believed that chinas traditions culture and methods were superior to the west so wouldn’t adpot any of the ideas.

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6
Q

What did Japan lack which inspired their interest in invading china

A

Food, coal, iron and oil

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7
Q

What was Japans first show of intent to invade china and when

A

Seizure of Riyaku Islands a chinese tributary state in 1875

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8
Q

Why did Japan have an interest in Korea

A
  • Stop growing Russian influence
  • A base to attack china from
  • Source of food and raw materials to power industrialisation
  • Form of defence in securing surrounding areas
  • Expansionist imperial attitude
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9
Q

What factors helped Japan to modernise quicker than china

A
  • receptivity to new ideas that china lacked
  • Less western interference than china
  • smaller size made it easier for central government to maintain power
  • Less obedience to old traditions
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10
Q

What was Japans first use of its imperial navy

A

Small attack on Korea in 1875 that resulted in the treaty of Ganghwa

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11
Q

Treaty of Ganghwa what and when

A

1876 unequal treaty with Koreas which opened up 3 ports for trade with Japan, this started unrest in Korea

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12
Q

What caused the Tianjin convention

A

A pro Japanse coup detat that was put down by chinese forces

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13
Q

Tianjin Convention what and when

A

1885 held that neither china nor Japan could deploy troops in Korea without first notifying the other

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14
Q

Why was the Tianjin convention so significant

A

It showed that the thousands of years of chinese dominance in Asia was over as they now has to negotiate treaties with Japan showing that they had surpassed china in military might

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15
Q

Tonghak Movement

A

religious nationalist movement or group in Korea that opposed all foreign presence

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16
Q

How did the Tonghak movement lead to the Sino Japanese war

A

Tonghak rebellion broke out in 1894 I which the king of Korea requested chinese assistance which was sent according to the treaty of ganghwa, Japan also sent troops not to be outdone which began the war when Japanese ships then opened fire on chinese ships

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17
Q

What were the main events of the Sino Japanese war

A
  • Japan seized all of Korea with china retreating to Manchuria
  • Japan defeated Chinese in a naval battle at the mouth of Yalu causing them to retreat to weihaiwei
  • Japan seized the liadong peninsula
  • Japanese troops seized weihaiwei port and turned the guns on chinas own fleet
  • China then sued for peace
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18
Q

What did the war cement about china

A

The self strengthening movement had failed and they were in a state of decline, weak corrupt and delusional, humiliated the Qing dynasty to the world and chinese people

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19
Q

What did the war cement about Japan

A

They were the new major eastern power and had a military of the same strength as the west

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20
Q

Main terms of the treaty of Shimonoseki 1895

A
  • China had no control over Korea
  • 200 million payed to Japan
  • Japan gained 4
  • China ceded Liadong and Taiwan
  • 4 more ports opened for trade
  • Japan could manufacture goods in china
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21
Q

Who was an example of chinas arrogant leadership

A

Admiral Ding at weihaiwei

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22
Q

Why did China lose the Sino Japanese war

A
  • Japans incredibly superior military
  • Chinas unorganised and outdated and untrained military personnel and equipment
  • failure of the self strengthening movement
  • Arrogance and complacency
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23
Q

What did British adviser Robert hart state about chinas belief about the war

A

1/1000 chinese people believed they would lose to Japan

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24
Q

What was the main thing holding china back

A

Their outdated views of superiority and arrogance

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25
Q

What model did Japan follow

A

German model of imperialism and militarism to define itself

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26
Q

What else cemented Japan as a major world power

A

Defeated Russia in a war in 1905 in Manchuria

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27
Q

What did news of the treaty of shimonoseki cause at the civil service exams in china

A

Protests and demands for economic and governmental reform

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28
Q

Scramble for concessions

A

Colonial powers trying to further their expansion and influence in china after the Sino-japanese war

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29
Q

What was the triple intervention

A

France Russia and Germany intervention to stop japans expansion into china and gain of more influence, forcing them to relinquish all lands gained in the treaty of shimonoseki in which the western forces took control of

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30
Q

Why did Russia enter the triple intervention

A

They wanted to obtain control of the liadong peninsula as it had warm water ports and furthered their Manchurian interest

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31
Q

Why did Germany enter the triple intervention

A

establish an eastern presence to divert Russias attention away from its western border

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32
Q

What was the supposed aim of the triple intervention

A

The western powers wanted to preserve chinas sovereignty

33
Q

Why did France enter the triple intervention

A

They were obliged to due to the Franco Russian agreement and also didn’t want to be outdone by Germany

34
Q

What and when was the Franco-Russian agreement

A

1894 France and Russias agreement to unite against a rapidly industrialising Germany

35
Q

What was the real aim of the triple intervention

A

Germany and Russia competing for power in the east and china to increase influence, especially wanted naval bases

36
Q

What did triple intervention show

A

China had zero control over their own territories or dealings

37
Q

What was Germanys action in the triple intervention

A

Germany used the excuse of the murder of two German catholic missionaries in Shandong to enter and seize the whole Qingdao province and obtaining mining and railway rights

38
Q

What was Russias action in the triple intervention

A

seized aiding peninsula and two strategic ports on it, started building south Manchurian railway

39
Q

What was Chinas action in the triple intervention

A

Seized influence in Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi and linked these areas to French Indochina colonies with a railway

40
Q

How did the triple intervention affect Japan

A

greatly angered Japanese nationalists who criticised the government for submitting, they accelerated military development and signed a treaty with Britain to stop it happening again

41
Q

What weakened china before their war with Japan

A

Wars with France in 1884 in which France destroyed a lot of chinas naval power

42
Q

Who solicited foreign intervention against Japan in the triple intervention

A

Li Hongzhang

43
Q

Why didn’t Britain want territorial influence in china like the other colonial powers

A

They only had trade interest with china as they didn’t want to expand too much and endanger their own colonies, they thought trade with china was better if china was sovereign

44
Q

What forced Britains hand in the scramble for concessions

A

They didn’t want to be outdone by other colonial powers involved in the tripe intervention

45
Q

What was the US open door policy

A

Proposal to assist opening of chinese markets to foreign trade whilst maintaining chinese sovereignty

46
Q

What did Britain then receive in response to the triple intervention

A
  • Weihaiwei port
  • Rail and trade rights on the Yangtze
  • Hong Kong size was increased into the mainland to provide farmland and housing for the growing population, to be returned in 1997
47
Q

What were the negative effects of western imperialism on china

A
  • Silver drain in china
  • import of cheap British cotton damaged chinese cottage industry
  • indemnity payments crippled chinese government
  • concessions gave foreigners control over chinas heavy industry
  • treaty ports meant chinese enterprise couldn’t compete
48
Q

Causes of the boxer rebellion

A
  • Failure of self strengthening movement
  • Defeat in sino Japanese war
  • Chinese corruption
  • Increasing western and colonial dominance of territories in china
  • Governments impotence
  • Growth of chinese nationalism and anti-foreign feeling
49
Q

Who were Kang Youwei and Jiang Qichao

A

Two reformers in china who advocated for the following of the Japanese model

50
Q

Who was the patron for the progressives in the chinese government

A

Emperor Guanxu

51
Q

Who was the patron for the conservatives in the chinese government

A

Dowager Empress Cixi

52
Q

How did Cixi gain power

A

She was a concubine for Xianfeng and when he died in her son tongzhi became emperor so she became regent

53
Q

Timeline of Cixi and Guanxus conflict as ruler

A

Cixi - until 1889 when Guanxu married
Guanxu - until 1898 when he was put under house arrest by cixi until his death
Cixi - until 1908 when she died

54
Q

What was the example of Cixis ultra conservative attitude

A

She diverted self strengthening funds to build a marble boat statue at the summer palace

55
Q

What did Guanxu introduce in 1898

A

Hundred days reform

56
Q

What were some of the intentions of the hundred days reform

A
  • More western education system getting rid of traditional chinese techniques
  • Free press
  • Increase in banks
  • modernise military and navy
  • establish government departments for mining healthcare agriculture
  • wished for a constitution
57
Q

How was the hundred days reform stopped immediately

A

Cixi imprisoned Guanxu and lead to coup detat, Leading reformers were executed and Kang and liang fled the country

58
Q

What group emerged from anti foreign feelings in china

A

The fists of united righteousness or boxers

59
Q

Where was most Boxer resentment directed

A

Towards christians and especially chinese christian converts

60
Q

Why did the Boxers dislike railways churches and factories

A

They believed it desecrated natural order and energy, Feng shui belief, which would bring bad luck

61
Q

What did the boxers claim

A

That they had supernatural powers and that western bullets couldn’t hurt them

62
Q

When did the boxer rebellion start

A

1899

63
Q

How many boxers were there by 1900

A

several hundred thousand

64
Q

What caused immediately Boxers to rise up in the countryside

A

Poor harvests

65
Q

What did Boxers target

A
  • Burned foreign buildings
  • tore up railroads
  • attacked chinese christians
  • destroyed telegraph wires
66
Q

How did the Boxer rebellion accelerate

A

They entered Beijing and besieged the foreign legation quarters, they also killed German minister and Japanese diplomat

67
Q

What was the relation between Cixi and the Boxers

A

Cixi supported them as she was against the west and thought they could rid the foreigners, gave the westerners 24 hours to leave Beijing but they didn’t

68
Q

Why did the Boxers fail

A
  • Lack of effective leadership
  • Lack of support from the Qing
  • Strength of the foreigners
69
Q

Eight Nation army

A

20,000 troops mostly British, japanese and Russian,

70
Q

Why did the Qing armies not support the Boxers

A

Cixi ordered for support but due to the banner army system many regional power holders refused to fight with the boxers due to fear of western repercussions

71
Q

What did the eight nation army do

A

Liberated the siege of Beijing, sacked pillaged looted Beijing. murdered civilians. Cixi and Guanxu fled the imperial court

72
Q

Boxer Protocol terms

A
  • Formal apology for the murders of foreign diplomats
  • Chinese people no longer allowed in legation quarter
  • Foreign powers allowed to station troops in Beijing
  • Jinshi examinations
  • Boxer leaders executed
  • China had to pay over one billion taels of indemnity by 1940
73
Q

Why were the boxers a perfect example of china in the period

A

outdated and superstitious views, lack any sort of coordination or leadership, anti-foreign feeling

74
Q

Why did China remain sovereign

A

The western powers deemed it better for trade if their sovereignty was upheld

75
Q

Results of the Boxer rebellion

A
  • Cemented foreign control and presence in china
  • Indemnities
  • more distrust of foreigners in china
  • Loss of support for the Qing and cemented their downfall as inevitable
  • Growth of chinese nationalism support for sun yatsen
  • drastic Modernisation and reform
76
Q

What was a huge social impact of the boxer rebellion

A

foreign domination increase opium exports, 40% of population became opium addicts

77
Q

Why did Qing lose support of the people

A

They had loss the Mandate of Heaven and confucian order was upset

78
Q

What was the opposition to the open door policy

A

Japans imperialistic expansionist attitude towards china, Manchuria

79
Q

How was terror used by boxers and foreigners

A

foreigners murdered raped looted many civilians and innocent villages aswell as boxers, boxers killed 32,000 chinese christian converts

Making of Modern China (7 decks)

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