The Japanese Threat, 1931-1941 Flashcards
What reforms were introduced after the boxer rebellion
- Jinshi were abolished
- established elected provincial assemblies
- Prohibited foot binding
What did Cixi do in 1902
Attempted reforms by borrowing from foreigners but she died in 1908
who succeeded Cixi
Emperor Puyi ( 3 years old ), Prince Chun as regent
When did the Qing dynasty fall
1911
What was wrong with the reforms introduced by the Qing
It was too little too late as they had already lost support, were also financed by foreigners
What directly caused the Qing dynasty to fall
Wuchan uprising, troops refused to put down this uprising and turned on the government, Yuan Shikai convinced Puyi to abdicate
Who inspired the Wuchan uprising
Sun yatsen
21 demands what and when
1915 Demands Japan imposed on china essentially making it a protectorate, Was opposed and blocked by foreign powers open door policy
What parts of china did Japan control by 1920
Considerable areas of Manchuria and the Shandong peninsula
Why did Japan want to expand into China
To supply raw materials and room for population as they were losing US support as well as the Wall Street Crash
When was the Warlord era
1916-1927 GMD was internationally accepted power but they had no power, all was held by regional warlord
4th May movement when and what
1919-25 Movement with resentment for Japan and western involvement
What was the united front
Friendship between GMD and CCP to join together to defeat the warlord in northern expedition
Whampoa military academy when and what
1924 trained troops for the GMD and made it into a military group
Who replaced sun yatsen as leader of GMD
Chiang Kai Shek
why did the united front break in 1928
Chiang kai shek was anti communist and saw them as a threat and turned on the ccp, ccp were suspicious of capitalist funding for GMD
Jiangxi Soviet
Communist safety camp where Mao raised peasant support
GMD encirclement campaigns
GMD campaigns pushing CCP back into small area in jaingxi soviet
Futian incident 1930
Purge of rival units and execution of officers in the CCP, Maos rise to power
Long March 1934
communist escape from Jiangxi and march up north 80% died
where did CCP set up new base after long march
Yanan
What were suns three principles of the people
Nationalism, Democracy, Welfare
How did Russia help with GMD and CCP development
- Helped to negotiate the united front with sun yatsen
- Military improvement to GMD and CCP
- Comintern has the aim to spread communism worldwide
- Sneevliet founded congress of CCP and joined them to comintern
- Voitinski trasnalted communist manifesto to chinese
- commintern provided funding to keep CCP alive, $5000 a year
Who was Chiang kai shek wife
song may ling
Difference between Maoism and Communism
Maosim focuses on the peasant population rather than urban working class
What happened German land in China after WW1
They lost it all and much of it was purchased or given to Japan
Why did Japan look to China at the end of 1920s
Walll street crash and unfriendly US trade legislation meant Japan needed new sources of trade and new markets to sell to growing population
Tanaka Memorial
Japans existence was at risk unless they expanded into china mainly Manchuria, favoured war with china
When did Chiang unify most of China
1928
What did China say about Japan and communists
Japan was a disease of the skin but Communism a disease of the heart, needed to rid the Communists before Japan
How was Japan divided in its views about Manchuria
Military supported tanaka memorial approach but government wanted a more diplomatic
Kwantung Army
Radical militarists who favoured a military government, Japanese army in Manchuria
What did the Kwangtung Army do in 1928
Assassinated Manchurian warlord
What did the Kwantung Army do in 1931
They engineered the Mukden incident
Mukden incident
Kwantung army blew up a part of Japanese south Manchurian Railway and blamed Chinese saboteurs. Kwantung army used this as an excuse to invade Mukden and Manchuria
National Salvation Movement
Popular movement in china in the population to hinder Japanese expansionism
What was Chiangs opinion for the Manchurian crisis
He hoped the league of nations would deal with it and his priority remained annihilating CCP
Zhang Xueliang
Warlord who was pushed out of his native Manchuria by the Japanese so developed an intense hatred to Japanese over the communists
How did the League of Nations respond to chinas appeal about Japans invasion of Manchuria
They sent the Lytton commission to investigate
Lytton report conclusion
They found out that Japan was guilty for aggression, chinas soveriengty was threatened
What was the response following the Lytton report
Japan walked out of the League of Nations, League of Nations had no military clause so no help was given to China
How did chinese nationalists respond to Japanese presence in Manchuria
They began boycotts of Japanese goods cutting japans sales in china by 2/3
How did Japan try to legitimise their claim in Manchuria
Renamed it manchuko to be land of the Manchus, installed puli as chief executive (puppet leader) to try and show chinese control.
When did Japan secure Manchuria and what followed
1932 but until 1937 there was large scale domestic opposition with many guerrilla campaigns against the Japanese
What was China’s view on Japanese aggression after they had taken control of Manchuria
He wanted to stay defensive until china were strong enough to defeat Japan or could gain western support
How did Japan justify a conflict in Shanghai to end the boycott
They staged a beating of Japanese monks by chinese men
What happened in Japans invasion and occupation of Shanghai
They faced some GMD opposition but bombed the city heavily forcing many civilians and GMD out, 70,000 Japanese troops occupied the city and began looting
Fukien rebellion 1933
Most clear example of disunity and infighting in china at the time, forces redeployed from fighting Japanese in Shanghai to fight the communist however they negotiated with communists and staged a rebellion but they were put down
Treaty of Tangu when and what
1833 Japan recognised Japanese control in Manchuria and some other northern states, accepted a demilitarised zone, China surrendered to preserve chinese sovereignty and avoid full scale war
What effect did Treaty of Tangu have on china
made Chiang very unpopular humiliating the GMD, GMD lost support of nationalists as more started to turn to CCP
What effect did the treaty of Tangu have on Japan
Secured prospects for further expansionism into China as they recognised their superiority over china, Japans economy also relied on chinese resources so they needed more control of the mainland
What was Chiangs plan following treaty of tango and why did it fail
He was willing to tolerate Japan in Manchuria as he wanted to eradicate the communists so he could fully unify china against Japan. Japan wanted further expansion fast and Chiang couldn’t eliminate the communist
Xian incident when and what
1836 Zhang Xueliang and local leaders took Chiang hostage and forced him to sign a second united front with the communists against the Japanese threat
What was Chiangs method for the war with Japan
Exhaust japans stretched resources prolonging the war for as long as possible until foreign help came or japans resources were depleted
Marco Polo Bridge incident 1937
The trigger cause of the war, Japanese and chinese troops clashed at Marco Polo bridge near peiping in a minor skirmish, Japanese soldier was reported lost so Japanese troops escalated the conflicts and occupied the city of peiping and demanded chinese troops withdraw from the area, china refused and declared war
Causes of the second Sino Japanese war in 1837
- Great Depression meant no threat of foreign involvement gains Japan
- Japanese continuing imperialism and expansionism
- Chinese nationalism
- Weak state of china, infighting
- Xian incident
- Marco Polo bridge incident
How did the war start terribly for china
The chinese airforce attempted to bomb Japanese fleet in Shanghai but missed and hit civilian areas
What was Chiangs first move in the war
Engage Japan in Shanghai as to fight on two fronts to stretch Japans resources and create a prolonged war
How did meanings of victory differ for Japan and china
China - Anything other than immediate retreat was victory
Japan - Any resistance or casualties were unacceptable
How many chinese and Japanese fatalities were there in Shanghai in 1837 after Japan regained control
300,000 chinese
70,000 Japanese
Where did Chinese forces withdraw to after the failure of the Shanghai campaign
Nanjing
What did Japan achieve in October 1938
Control of all naval ports in china
What happened to the defence in Nanjing
heavy Japanese bombardment for three days caused them to flee leaving the city open for Japanese forces
Rape of Nanjing
Unprecedented brutality: killing competitions by Japanese soldiers, beheadings, mutilations, rape, forced incest, murdering children. by Japanese forces in Nanjing resulting in the murder of 300,000 civilians lasting seven weeks
Reasons for the rape of Nanjing
- Japanese anger and revenge for unexpected Shanghai opposition
- Consistency with japans total war and terror tactics
- Japan wanted to send a psychological message to all of china
where did nationalist forced retreat to after Nanjing
Wuhan
where did GMD forces enjoy a victory
Battle of Tai’erzhuang 100,000 Japanese casualties strengthened the chinese resolve to fight a
What was Jiangs drastic action to slow the Japanese advance on Wuhan
He broke the embankment of the yellow river flooding 30,000 square miles in the area
How was Jiangs flooding of the yellow river successful
He slowed the Japanese advance by 3 months
How was Jiangs flooding of the yellow river a failure
Flooded many villages and farmland and drowned 500,000 people and made 3 million refugees
Anti-comintern pact of 1937
Anti communist alliance signed by Germany and Japan, caused Germany to recall all previous military help in china
Who aided Chinas defence of Wuhan but this was unsuccessful
USSR provided some air force help
What was established in china in 1940
A poppet regime called Reorganised National Government led by Wang Jinwei
Where did Chinese forces retreat to after the fall of Wuhan
Chongqing
What improvements were made to Chongqing
Moved a lot of industries from wuhan, many government officials and intellectuals also related
What were the problems in Chonqing
- Poor backward city with minimal transport links
- Refugees stretched food supplies
- Unpopular GMD taxes
What Soviet aid was given to China
50,000 rifles
900 Aircraft
100 tanks
10,000 machine guns
Why did USA begin to grow opposition to Japan
They saw their naval domnincance in Asia which they thought threaten their phillipines and Hawaii naval bases
How did USA initially help China without declaring war on Japan
- Provided financial aid in loans to stabilise economy
- Flying tigers volunteer US airforce trained chinese troops and fought against Japan
- USA froze Japanese assets in US banks and put embargo on exporting to Japan which was significant for Japan
What was Japan’s response to US economic sanctions and aid to china
Bombed pearl harbour in 1941 which was a massive blow to US
What was the US response to Japans attack on pearl harbour
They declared war
What was the lend-lease package
USA 500 and 630 million USD loans to china after they declared war on Japan in 1841
What percentage of Japanese troops were in china in 1841
40%
Why was Japan provoking USA a huge mistake
- they were economically dependent on USA
- USA had 9:1 ratio against Japan of industrial output
- Japans steel production for the war was outproduced by just Pittsburgh 40 times
Burma Road
Important chinese supply route that Japan took control of, USA liberated it.
Who provided the constant nationalist anti-japanese rhetoric in china
CCP
When and how were Japan defeated
USA engaged with Japan and the economic sanctions took a toll to the point where Japan were all but defeated, Japan finally surrendered in 1945 following Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs by USA
What were the outcomes of the war for china in 1945
- Northern China liberated by the Russians and given to the CCP
- South and East by the allies
Chinese civil war 1946-49
Chiang launched attack on CCP in Manchuria, he failed suffering defeat and fled to Taiwan
When was the PRC established
1949
