Reconciliation and return of Hong Kong 1978-97 Flashcards
When did Mao die
1976
Shanghai communique when and what
1972, Diplomatic document stating improved Sino-US relations
When did the PRC get recognised on the UN Security Council
1971
What was the main reason for improved US relations in early 1970s
Mutual mistrust of USSR
Who replaced Mao
Hua Guofeng
Who Supplanted Hua Goufeng in 1978
Deng
What was Dennis policy quote
It doesn’t matter the colour of the cat as long as it catches the mice
–> meaning communist capitalist didn’t matter as long as it made china stronger
What were Dengs four modernisations
- Agriculture
- Trade
- Defence
- Manufacturing
Between 1970 and 1989 by how many countries did chinas diplomatic relations increase by
80
Benefits of joining the security council for china
- International recognition as strongest asian power
- Increased trade and diplomacy
- Equality with world superpowers
How many veto votes did china abstain from in the 70s compared to the 80s
1970s - 39%
1980s - 6%
What was the difference in Chinas attitude in the UN between the 70s and 80s
China gained more confidence beginning to use their veto powers more, advocated for peacekeeping missions, started using subsidiary bodies.
What did Deng state he prioritised in 1982
Relations with major states and Institutions like UN and IMF over Maoist ideology
What is the 1981 example of China opposing USA in the UN showing their confidence
Vetoed reappointment of US UN secretary general in favour of a Tanzanian candidate
How did China and USA ally against USSR in 1980s
USSR invaded afganhistan so China and USA supported and weaponised taliban
What was the main cause of the pro democracy movement in 1980s in china
Opening up to the west economically also brought the western ideological influence as younger educated people in china took up cause of democracy
How many protestors were there at Tianman square and how many died
100,000, 200
When was Tianmanen square massacre
1989
What was the UN reaction to Tianamne square massacre and what does it show
They were unanimously condemned for breach of human rights, but there was no diplomatic or economic sanctions as china had become too powerful within the UN.
What action by China fully absolved them of reputation damage after Tianamen Square
They supported the mandate for the Gulf war in 1990
When was the collapse of the USSR
1991
How did the fall of the USSR affect China
Solidified China as only major communist power
Why did China pursue joining the IMF and WB
Deng wanted to increase foreign investment into china as this would help develop the Economy, they could access many low interest loans to develop industry
What was the difference with foreign investment and economic intervention in the 1970s in china
It wasn’t exploiatatve
How did the IMF encourage economic reform in china
- Standby loans
- Push for economic decentralisation
- Less direct government involvement in the economy
- Acceptance of free marker values like monetary policy
- Increasing foreign trade
- Changing taxation system
What happened in 1986 that was evidence of china accepting more free trade methods advised by IMF
They increased interest rates and devalued the currency, devalued the currency so they could sell large amounts of exports worldwide
How was the World Bank impact of china more significant than IMF
It was further reaching in social regional and environmental development, also provided larger more direct loans
What did the WB agree in 1980
Five large development loans to china
What were the five development loans
- 200 million education
- 125 million for freight harbours
- 135 million in two agricultural loans
- 70 million to china investment bank for foreign exchanges
How many loans and how much did they total, did the WB provide to china between 1980 and 1997
192 loans
$30 billion
Lubuge Hydroelectric Project
1984 chinese test of WB project management methods, competitive bidding for construction. This was a huge success and rate of WB loans to china greatly increased after it
What developments did the WB bring to china that wasn’t loans
- cost benefit analysis
- environmental assessment
- competitive bidding
- modern technology in power
What was the aim of the first development education loan in 1981
Raise standard and volume of chinese graduates from chinese universities, focusing especially on improving facilities in science and engineering departments
What did the WB make china state run
- education
- transfer payments
- healthcare
- housing
Why was the WB relationship more significant than foreign trade relationships
WB was an independent non political state to economic modernisation could carry on whilst there was political discord like with the tianamen square massacre, when foreign trade relationships haltered temporarily
What kind economy was china
Socialist market Economy
What main two ways did IMF and WB facilitate the opening of chinese economy and economic trasnformation to a socialist market economy
- Opening china up to foreign investment
- Increased transparency and trust with publication of key reports
When did china secure diplomatic relations with he EEC
1975
When did China sign an agreement with EEC about trade
1978
What was bilateral trade with the EU in 1989 compared to 1995
14.3 billion –> 45.6 billion
What was EEC reaction to tainiamen
Imposed an arms embargo
What fact shows the significant relationship between EEC and china
Chinas biggest trading partner was EEC, EEC 2nd biggest trading partner was china
What was Chinas first step toward improving regional relations
softened stance on worldwide revolution
ZOPFRAN
Zone of peace freedom and neutrality (in Asia)
What was chinas aim in supporting ZOPFRAN
Boost their own influence and economic ties with south east Asia, whilst reducing influence of USSR and USA
Why did PRC go to war with Vietnam in 1979
Vietnam invaded chinese supported Cambodia, China also disliked Vietnam for their close relations with USSR
What was the outcome of the Vietnam war with PRC
PRC failed militarily but they imposed economic sanctions and improved relations with USSR causing USSR to withdraw support from Vietnam, so Vietnam sought close relations with china
What followed after chinas improved relations with Vietnam issue
They improved relations with all other south East Asian nations
Why was China improving Singapore relations significant
During Maoist times china had hated Singapore due to their capitalism and USA friendship
What did china speculate for Africa in the 1980s and how did this change
51 million in investments, this expanded rapidly in the 1990s as chinese entrepreneurship increased
Why did china want to co-operate with Japan
- Decrease western influence in Asia
- close proximity trade partners
- similar cultures and beliefs
- use Japanese model to modernise
Why did Japan want to co-operate with China
- Cheap manufacturing imports
- Decrease western influence in Asia
- Japan could maintain regional power
- Huge chinese consumer market for their goods
Bilateral Communique
1972, Japan recognised the PRC diplomatically and began trade agreements
Treaty of Peace and friendship
1978, Aims to develop lasting peace and co-existence between china and Japan, any dispute would be settled diplomatically, both countries would aim to develop economically
What was the bilateral trade between Japan and china
Japan would receive energy imports coal and oil and china would receive high end technology and construction equipment
Why did Japan switch from exporting energy products to exporting manufactured goods
They realised it wasn’t sustainable to export energy goods as they modernised further as they would consumer more energy, manufactured markets also fetch higher prices, value added products
Baoshan steel complex
Japanese investment in 1990 for chinas steel industry
What had Japanese FDI grown by between the start of the 90s to mid 90s
8 billion
When did China become Japans second largest trading partner
1993
When did Deng visit Japan
1978
What was announced at an 1984 Japanese visit to china
$4.3 billion loan programme
What were the four principles of relations established during diplomatic visits between Japan and china in the early 1980s
- Peace and friendship
- Mutual benefit
- Mutual trust
- equality
What was the main significance of diplomatic visits between Japan and china
Display non confrontational and friendly attitudes by Japanese officials in the face of Japanese domestic opposition to china and the tianamen square massacre.
What were relations like between Japan and china by 1997
Very friendly and prosperous, promoting equality between the two very different to the past where one had always been inferior
Why had USA always been chinas enemy
Since the Korean War Mao believed they were planning a nuclear attack
Who did Deng believe would be most important to chinas modernisation
USA
Significance of improved relations with USA
- They were the worlds most industrialised nation
- If china could establish relations with USA then the rest of the west would follow
- Put china on ore equal footing with western nations
When were full diplomatic relations agreed with USA
1979
How did USA and china resolve the issue of Taiwan
USA withdrew military personnel and repealed their mutual defence treaty, China agreed not to enforce its will in Taiwan militarily.
When did Deng visit USA and how was it significant
1979, Peace declared, mutual distrust of USSR declared, agreed equal trade contracts, gave Deng an idea of the model he was following
When and why was there tension in Sino-american relations
America were anti the tianamen square massacre, also suspected china of supporting rogue nations nuclear programmes
China was angered by USA condemning them for tianamen and the arms embargo, USA moved closer to supporting Taiwan at this time
How did Sino-American relations become confrontational in the 90s
CCP sent missiles near Taiwan and conducted practice landings, USA also then sent ships to the Taiwan strait
Who succeeded Deng in 1989
Jiang Zemin
When did Jiang Zemin visit American and why was it significant
1997, to reassure economic relations and defend the CCP following Tianamen and Taiwan issues. Didn’t lessen US distrust of china or condemnation of their human rights treatment but did reinforce economic relations
Why did the political requirements for Sino-american relations falter in 1991
Soviet collapse meant there was no shared distrust of soviet threat
What were the exports in Sino-american bilateral trade in 1979
- american exported Steel, machinery, fertilisers, vegetable oils
- China exported feathers, cotton, fireworks
What did china import $905 million of in 1988
Communication and transportation equipment
How much did USA Chinese trade increase by between 1978-1985
$6 billion
When did China receive MFN status with USA
1991
Why were USA so interested in trade with china
USA wanted to access the huge chinese consumer market and create consumerism with American manufactured goods and brands
How many coke bottling plants operated in china in 1985
4
What American consumer brands started investment in china
KFC, Coke, Heinz, Gilette
What statistics illustrates the change in living standards in china and creation of a consumerism
1980 1.5% of hosuhelods had TVs but 1993 99% of households had TVs
What import did Deng value the most from USA
Technology especially military technology as he saw future war with Russia as inevitable and wanted to improve chinese technological development after the cultural revolution
Why did China desperately want to assume control of Hong Kong back in 1997
- Hong Kong was very economically powerful
- Remove last physical memory of western imperialism in china
What was the chinese policy to Hong Kong
They would let it operate the same as it always had, One country two systems, retain capitalism but would be under communist rule
When did negotiations with Britain begin about Hong Kong
1982
Why was Britain very uncompromising about Hong Kong to being with
Thatcher was very confident after a victory in the falklands war so went into negotiations stating Britain should keep Hong Kong, china rejected this immediately
What was the second British proposition about Hong Kong that china rejected
China would assume control but Britain would administrate the day to day
Joint Agreement when and what
1984, Hong Kong would be returned to china in 1997 but until then Britain would maintain control, Hong Kong would become an SAR preserving the capialsot order and western legal system which a chinese governor
What happened to Hong Kong in the 90s
Following Tianamen square Pro deomcracy protests began in Hong Kong and, British governor Patten attempted to introduce democratic reforms in Hong Kong introducing more elections
What was Chinas reaction to Pattens reforms
They were greatly angered as Britain had never introduced democratic reforms in hog kong only now doing it, China then passed basic law
Basic law
1995, china stated that any changes made to Hong Kong after joint agreement would be reversed in 1997
Why did Britain relax their democratic reforms in Hong Kong
Chinas economic power was needed by Britain and secured $1.6 billion in orders to chinese market
