Ideologies and Individuals behind economic growth Flashcards
What was chinese ideology prior to the 1860s
China was the most superior power in the world and anything foreign was barbaric and intolerable, based on traditional Confucian beliefs
How did Traditional chinese ideology stifle economic growth
Very stark beliefs at maintaining the status quo and not adopting any western ideas. Qing government as authoritative meant if they didn’t want to grow then china wouldn’t
What beliefs started to infiltrate china in the 1860s
Western beliefs of industrialisation, trade and commerce, revitalised banking system, new religious beliefs
What really held back Chinas economic growth compared to Europe in 1860
China had not industrialised due mainly to Feng shui and confucian beliefs, so were incredibly far behind European powers economically
What was the prevailing ideology among western powers especially Britain in the 19th century
Free Trade
What was the main premise of the self strengthening movement
China must first be economically powerful to force foreigners from their land, they must be patient and build industry and military whilst maintaining dynastic and politcal stability
Who in the Qing government were enthusiastic towards the self strengthening movement
Prince Gong
Who first proposed the self strengthening movement and when
1861 Feng Guifen, proposed that western technology should be employed in china to solve their problems whist maintaining confucian order
When was the first phase of the self strengthening movement and what did it focus
1861-72, Focused on military and scientific ideas.
What did things did they develop military and science in the first self strengthening movement
- Purchased battleships
- established shipyards
- established munitions factories
- translated scientific texts into chinese
- sent officers to be trained in Europe
- Hired western advisers and engineers
What were the factors holding back the first phase self strengthening movement
- conservative elements in the Qing government
- corruption as officials would divert funds
What was the change in the 1870s in the self strengthening movements focus
Until economic sufficiency had been achieved military modernisation would have no effect
What parts of the economy were developed in the second phase of the self strengthening movement
- Coal
- Cotton
- Steam
Why weren’t steamships profitable
Sailed the unprofitable routes as foreigners controlled the profitable ones
How did lack of economic liberalism hinder chinas economic growth in the 1800s
Government held too much control over economic projects and didn’t allow chinese businessmen and entrepnerus to operate efficiently and profitably
When ddi heavy backlash towards the self strengthening movement occur
third phase in 1880s and 1890s
How did defeat to Japan affect the self strengthening movement
Evidence that it had failed so there were increased demands for modernisation especially military
How did demand for modernisation change after war with Japan
Intstead of just progressive government officials and businessmen, many students and peasant classes supported need for change, openly criticised the government
What two political ideas emerged in the 1890s as it became more accepted to talk about modern reform
- Political liberalisation
- Industrial Modernisation
How many new schools were established in china from 1895-98
183
When did new interest in western science and technology develop among chinese educated classes, and criticisms of traditional Confucian beliefs begin and what was it called
May 4th Movement, 1915-24
What event caused chinese values to be rejected by modernising educated classes
1911 revolution failure as modernised republic was overthrown by traditional warlords views
Paris Peace conference when and what
1818, Meeting of many nations after WW1 which awarded Japan Germanys possessions in china
Being government
Post revolution government under Yuan Shikai
What caused the 4th May protests in 1818
Chinese were happy after the First World War as they believed it would cause the end of imperialism and they would be autonomous, This was crushed when the Paris peace conference supported japans claim in china
What ideology was 4th may movement
nationalist
Events of the 4th may protests 1818
- Began with students in Tianamne square
- Turned into violent rioting and sacking Japanese embassy
- ## All sorts of chinese people joined not just students
What was the main focus of the 4th may idea
Emergence of new political and intellectual ideas and rejection of traditional chinese beliefs
Who was Chen Duxui and what did he write in 1815
Founder of the communist party who wrote about a magazine of new intellectual ideas in china
Cai Yuanpei
Encouraged students to travel to the west to absorb modern scientific and economic ideas
New Culture Movement
1910s and 20s when generation of chinese intellectuals and writers could write freely about their new ideas and ideas criticising old chinese beliefs in the protection of treaty ports
What did chinese middle class merchants in treaty ports protest for
Abolition of extraterritoriality as they felt foreigners limited their economic potential
Shanghai Commercial Association 1919
Political organisation to represent chinese businessmen in the city. Organised complete boycotts of Japanese goods, spread across all class groups in Shanghai
What happened to the new culture movement in 1922
It began to drift into two directions of western ideas, one of marxism, and the other being pragmatism focusing on not fixing on an ideology but using the best for the moment to help china, essentially basis of GMD and CCP
How did Mao believe economic growth should happen
Follow the marxist soviet model by using propaganda and state coercion to focus heavy industry growth
Who’s instructions did Mao follow
Stalin
1950 Treaty of Friendship alliance and mutual assistance impact on economic growth
Russia sent over large amounts of economic advisers, many raw materials to be shipped back to USSR and USSR control over port Arthur
—–> exploitation meant Maos attitude to Russia started to sour
How did Korean War impact economic growth
China were blockaded so only trading partner was the ussr who they sent large amounts of agricultural prodcuts to in return for industrial equipment
What percentage of chinese industry was heavy in 1949 compared to 1952
26% compared to 42%
Why did Mao focus heavy industry
Wanted to develop a powerful military so first needed powerful heavy industry
Maoism
primary difference from Marxism was he believed the peasant classes in china rather than industrial working class would overthrow capitalism
What were Maos disillusions
He was the world leader of communism after Stalins death, he could implement his second five year plan that within a decade would make china the biggest economic power In the world
Walking on two legs
Maos idea of chinas self sufficiency , mainly focusing on agricultural efficiency would allow many peasants to move to urban areas and so industrial growth would then occur, big focus on peasants which soviets disagreed with
Landlordism
Maos term to denounce any chinese peasants who owned land as they were accused of exploitation
Self denunciation sessions
Those accused of landlordism were forced to stand in front of large crowds and admit to hundreds of crimes invented by communism, Cadres then forced the public to become angry and violent so that the landlord may be executed or imprisoned.
Cadres
The CCP activist in a village who became the ultimate authority and spread communist doctrines and enforced them
How many former landlords were executed from 1950-54
1 million
Agrarian Reform Law 1950
Maos order of the redistribution of land between peasants.
Why did Mao believe land reform was necessary
It was necessary in creating a socialist economy by creating equality in society
How did Land reform disrupt agricultural production
Full time large scale knowledgeable chinese farmers had lost their land or been murdered, not less knowledgeable peasants were in control of larger amounts of land with insufficient tools
Soviet collectivisation
resulted in 3-5million deaths but Mao saw this as necessary for revolution
Problems with Collectivisation in china
- People refusing to share were treated with violence
- Tools were broken and not taken care of due to no ownership
- Caused famine in 1953
- Caused many peasants to trade land amongst themselves
