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Making of Modern China > Ideologies and Individuals behind economic growth > Flashcards

Ideologies and Individuals behind economic growth Flashcards

1
Q

What was chinese ideology prior to the 1860s

A

China was the most superior power in the world and anything foreign was barbaric and intolerable, based on traditional Confucian beliefs

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2
Q

How did Traditional chinese ideology stifle economic growth

A

Very stark beliefs at maintaining the status quo and not adopting any western ideas. Qing government as authoritative meant if they didn’t want to grow then china wouldn’t

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3
Q

What beliefs started to infiltrate china in the 1860s

A

Western beliefs of industrialisation, trade and commerce, revitalised banking system, new religious beliefs

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4
Q

What really held back Chinas economic growth compared to Europe in 1860

A

China had not industrialised due mainly to Feng shui and confucian beliefs, so were incredibly far behind European powers economically

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5
Q

What was the prevailing ideology among western powers especially Britain in the 19th century

A

Free Trade

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6
Q

What was the main premise of the self strengthening movement

A

China must first be economically powerful to force foreigners from their land, they must be patient and build industry and military whilst maintaining dynastic and politcal stability

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7
Q

Who in the Qing government were enthusiastic towards the self strengthening movement

A

Prince Gong

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8
Q

Who first proposed the self strengthening movement and when

A

1861 Feng Guifen, proposed that western technology should be employed in china to solve their problems whist maintaining confucian order

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9
Q

When was the first phase of the self strengthening movement and what did it focus

A

1861-72, Focused on military and scientific ideas.

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10
Q

What did things did they develop military and science in the first self strengthening movement

A
  • Purchased battleships
  • established shipyards
  • established munitions factories
  • translated scientific texts into chinese
  • sent officers to be trained in Europe
  • Hired western advisers and engineers
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11
Q

What were the factors holding back the first phase self strengthening movement

A
  • conservative elements in the Qing government
  • corruption as officials would divert funds
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12
Q

What was the change in the 1870s in the self strengthening movements focus

A

Until economic sufficiency had been achieved military modernisation would have no effect

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13
Q

What parts of the economy were developed in the second phase of the self strengthening movement

A
  • Coal
  • Cotton
  • Steam
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14
Q

Why weren’t steamships profitable

A

Sailed the unprofitable routes as foreigners controlled the profitable ones

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15
Q

How did lack of economic liberalism hinder chinas economic growth in the 1800s

A

Government held too much control over economic projects and didn’t allow chinese businessmen and entrepnerus to operate efficiently and profitably

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16
Q

When ddi heavy backlash towards the self strengthening movement occur

A

third phase in 1880s and 1890s

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17
Q

How did defeat to Japan affect the self strengthening movement

A

Evidence that it had failed so there were increased demands for modernisation especially military

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18
Q

How did demand for modernisation change after war with Japan

A

Intstead of just progressive government officials and businessmen, many students and peasant classes supported need for change, openly criticised the government

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19
Q

What two political ideas emerged in the 1890s as it became more accepted to talk about modern reform

A
  • Political liberalisation
  • Industrial Modernisation
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20
Q

How many new schools were established in china from 1895-98

A

183

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21
Q

When did new interest in western science and technology develop among chinese educated classes, and criticisms of traditional Confucian beliefs begin and what was it called

A

May 4th Movement, 1915-24

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22
Q

What event caused chinese values to be rejected by modernising educated classes

A

1911 revolution failure as modernised republic was overthrown by traditional warlords views

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23
Q

Paris Peace conference when and what

A

1818, Meeting of many nations after WW1 which awarded Japan Germanys possessions in china

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24
Q

Being government

A

Post revolution government under Yuan Shikai

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25
Q

What caused the 4th May protests in 1818

A

Chinese were happy after the First World War as they believed it would cause the end of imperialism and they would be autonomous, This was crushed when the Paris peace conference supported japans claim in china

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26
Q

What ideology was 4th may movement

A

nationalist

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27
Q

Events of the 4th may protests 1818

A
  • Began with students in Tianamne square
  • Turned into violent rioting and sacking Japanese embassy
  • ## All sorts of chinese people joined not just students
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28
Q

What was the main focus of the 4th may idea

A

Emergence of new political and intellectual ideas and rejection of traditional chinese beliefs

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29
Q

Who was Chen Duxui and what did he write in 1815

A

Founder of the communist party who wrote about a magazine of new intellectual ideas in china

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30
Q

Cai Yuanpei

A

Encouraged students to travel to the west to absorb modern scientific and economic ideas

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31
Q

New Culture Movement

A

1910s and 20s when generation of chinese intellectuals and writers could write freely about their new ideas and ideas criticising old chinese beliefs in the protection of treaty ports

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32
Q

What did chinese middle class merchants in treaty ports protest for

A

Abolition of extraterritoriality as they felt foreigners limited their economic potential

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33
Q

Shanghai Commercial Association 1919

A

Political organisation to represent chinese businessmen in the city. Organised complete boycotts of Japanese goods, spread across all class groups in Shanghai

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34
Q

What happened to the new culture movement in 1922

A

It began to drift into two directions of western ideas, one of marxism, and the other being pragmatism focusing on not fixing on an ideology but using the best for the moment to help china, essentially basis of GMD and CCP

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35
Q

How did Mao believe economic growth should happen

A

Follow the marxist soviet model by using propaganda and state coercion to focus heavy industry growth

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36
Q

Who’s instructions did Mao follow

A

Stalin

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37
Q

1950 Treaty of Friendship alliance and mutual assistance impact on economic growth

A

Russia sent over large amounts of economic advisers, many raw materials to be shipped back to USSR and USSR control over port Arthur
—–> exploitation meant Maos attitude to Russia started to sour

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38
Q

How did Korean War impact economic growth

A

China were blockaded so only trading partner was the ussr who they sent large amounts of agricultural prodcuts to in return for industrial equipment

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39
Q

What percentage of chinese industry was heavy in 1949 compared to 1952

A

26% compared to 42%

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40
Q

Why did Mao focus heavy industry

A

Wanted to develop a powerful military so first needed powerful heavy industry

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41
Q

Maoism

A

primary difference from Marxism was he believed the peasant classes in china rather than industrial working class would overthrow capitalism

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42
Q

What were Maos disillusions

A

He was the world leader of communism after Stalins death, he could implement his second five year plan that within a decade would make china the biggest economic power In the world

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43
Q

Walking on two legs

A

Maos idea of chinas self sufficiency , mainly focusing on agricultural efficiency would allow many peasants to move to urban areas and so industrial growth would then occur, big focus on peasants which soviets disagreed with

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44
Q

Landlordism

A

Maos term to denounce any chinese peasants who owned land as they were accused of exploitation

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45
Q

Self denunciation sessions

A

Those accused of landlordism were forced to stand in front of large crowds and admit to hundreds of crimes invented by communism, Cadres then forced the public to become angry and violent so that the landlord may be executed or imprisoned.

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46
Q

Cadres

A

The CCP activist in a village who became the ultimate authority and spread communist doctrines and enforced them

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47
Q

How many former landlords were executed from 1950-54

A

1 million

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48
Q

Agrarian Reform Law 1950

A

Maos order of the redistribution of land between peasants.

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49
Q

Why did Mao believe land reform was necessary

A

It was necessary in creating a socialist economy by creating equality in society

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50
Q

How did Land reform disrupt agricultural production

A

Full time large scale knowledgeable chinese farmers had lost their land or been murdered, not less knowledgeable peasants were in control of larger amounts of land with insufficient tools

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51
Q

Soviet collectivisation

A

resulted in 3-5million deaths but Mao saw this as necessary for revolution

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52
Q

Problems with Collectivisation in china

A
  • People refusing to share were treated with violence
  • Tools were broken and not taken care of due to no ownership
  • Caused famine in 1953
  • Caused many peasants to trade land amongst themselves
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53
Q

Collectivisation

A

Village cooperatives owned everything equally and no one had private property.

54
Q

Government Monopoly on grain

A

Mao believed collectivisation wasn’t having good results because of those refusing to obey, so implemented an amount that villages would have to supply the government with which was unrealistic and caused famines and black markets.

55
Q

1978 how many lived in poverty in china

A

1/4

56
Q

What did Deng realise in 1978

A

He was purely concerned with economic prosperity and not attached to one model, realised they needed a state ran capitalism in order to achieve economic growth

57
Q

What did Mao always accused Deng of

A

Being a capitalist roader, suspected of supporting western ideas and deviating from the communist model

58
Q

What was the opportunity Deng saw for chinas economic growth

A

Western countries looked to import cheap goods from overseas so Mao saw an opportunity to create a large manufacturing industry that could export to all the western powers

59
Q

Dengs reforms of Maos policies

A

by 1981 45% of agricultural collective work teams had been broken up, by 1983 98%, He allowed farmers to produce whatever they wanted without quotas which greatly increased agricultural output

60
Q

TVE

A

Town village enterprise - Allowed china to become industrialised as private enterprises would bring light industry to villages like small electrical goods

61
Q

SEZ

A

Special Economic Zones - Created areas where businesses could operate with much lower taxes and regulation, rapidly generating jobs and economic growth, also generated FDI

62
Q

Why did Deng situate SEZs away from political centres in china

A

He was still wary of the western influence that increasing capitalism would bring to those areas

63
Q

Negative impact of Dengs reforms

A
  • Corruption as party officials used the SEZ to import 1.5 billion dollars of cars without paying taxes
  • Opposition from conservative maoists in the party
  • Caused major social inequality in china as so many left the countryside to travel to SEZs
64
Q

Shenzhen population in 1979

A

300,000 poor infrastructure

65
Q

When did Shenzhen become an SEZ and why

A

1980 because it was a rural backwater town, built steel fences around it

66
Q

How much did Shenzhen economy grow by each year between 1981-84

A

75%

67
Q

Chinese annual growth from 1981-1993

A

9.6%

68
Q

How many workers were there in Shenzhen by 1992

A

3 million

69
Q

What did Capitalism bring and why did Deng oppose it

A

Brought democracy into western investment areas but Deng believed chinese population was chaotic and anarchic and needed a socialist structure to maintain order

70
Q

Pro Democracy Movement

A

1989 student movement and protests for democracy, culminated in tianamen square massacre

71
Q

Financial Liberalisation

A

1992 Deng reduced government control over Banks and allowed stockbrokers to buy sell and borrow

72
Q

What was the international view of Li Hongzhang

A

Foreigners liked him a lot as he was open to European trade and wanted to modernise

73
Q

What was Li Hongzhang appointed as in 1871

A

Viceroy of Zhili, area around Beijing, showed he had a lot of power in imperial china

74
Q

What did Li Build in Zhili in the 1870s and 1880s

A

Coal mine, railway, cotton mill, steamship company

75
Q

How did Li Hongzhang improve the communications in china

A

Introduced the telegraph aswell as a postal service modelled of the British system

76
Q

How was Li a realist and pragmatist

A

He realised that the west was far superior to china and that confucian order no longer applied, he realised the need for adoption of western techniques in order to become more powerful

77
Q

Why was Li Hongzhang mostly ineffective

A

There was a lot of resistance to his modernisations from the imperial court in cixi

78
Q

What was Li Hongzhangs reputation after his death in 1901

A

He was condemned by the may 4th movement for accommodating foreign powers, Mao also condemned him as a bourgeois capitalist

79
Q

What was Sheng Xuanhais understanding and how did he develop this

A

Had a great understanding of western capitalism and learn this through serving as Li adviser.

80
Q

How did Shengs understanding differ from Li Hongzhang

A

He had a greater understanding of the importance of banking and bank lending to develop business and industry

81
Q

What was Chinas moneylending like prior to 1890s and western infleunce

A

Aimed only to exploit peasants for personal benefit and not for the good of business

82
Q

What was Banking like in china prior to 1897

A

Only western owned banks in Hong Kong and Shanghai, so all chinas investment had to be funded by europeans and came with other pressures.

83
Q

What did Shang do in 1897

A

Established the imperial bank of china

84
Q

Imperial Bank of China

A

Chinese bank based on European ideas that served to strengthen and stabilise the chinese government by stopping the need for European funds

85
Q

What did Li Hongzhang and Sheng do in the boxer rebellion

A

They formed the The mutual protection of Southeast china which refused to support and tried to block Cixis declaration of war on European powers

86
Q

Where did TV Song get his education

A

Harvard and worked in the international banking corporation in New York

87
Q

When and why did TV Song return to china

A

1917 Sun yatsen enticed him to return to help salvage chinese financial systems and work with the GMD

88
Q

What reforms did TV Song introduce in Canton in the 1920s

A
  • Simplified tax system that doubled gov revenue
  • Regulated Banks making them safer for deposits so savings rose by 600%
  • Created a National Debt which is useful for borrowing
  • Cracked down on corruption and smuggling which increased tax rev
89
Q

What did TV Song introduce in 1931

A
  • Established the National Economic Council for loans for investment projects
  • Opened Bond and Stock market in Shanghai
90
Q

What did TV Songs economic growth exclude

A

Was very uneven as it only focused cities and large economic ones, no economic development for the rural population

91
Q

What was the problem with TV Songs taxes

A

His taxes aimed to tax an emerging middle class by taxing consumer imports, but the middle class was very small as many were still farmers or artisan workers, economic growth was very low so taxes weren’t generating a lot of rev

92
Q

Why weren’t TV Songs economic reforms prioritised

A

Chiang prioritised military spending in his campaign against the communists - This caused TV to resign in 1933

93
Q

What happened after Song resigned

A

The GMD started printing money to pay for the military causing inflation and depreciation, economy and living standards had barely improved

94
Q

What was Maos economic ideology

A

In his five year plans it is clear he wanted complete eradication of capitalist land owning values in exchange for communes and collectivisation

95
Q

What was Maos economic ideology so flawed

A

He had no economic knowledge and it was based on a hatred for capitalism, he also ignored the views of his economic advisers as he thought they were all too rightist

96
Q

How did Mao hinder economic and living standard development in the late 1960s

A

He inspired the cultural revolution which purged many skilled workers and intellectuals china had, took most students out of education, opposed modern scientific thinking.

97
Q

What did Mao do in 1972 and what was the reasoning

A

He met with Nixon to arrange a technology transfer to develop chinas scientific industry

98
Q

What were the economic effects of the cultural revolution

A
  • Steel production fell by 75%
  • National income fell 3%
  • electricity production fell 30%
  • Lack of low level business trading due to red guard oppression
99
Q

What was the economic outcome of Mao

A

Created so much chaos and violence and widespread famine, devastated chinese agriculture and industry leaving people very impoverished

100
Q

How did Deng allow capitalism but stop a capitalist Democratic Party forming

A

He put strict limits on MNC and FDI into SEZs

101
Q

How many peasants left agriculture for cities by 2000

A

100 milioin

102
Q

What was the problem emerging in Dengs china

A

expanding industry and manufacturing aswell as newly introduced property ownership was widening the gap between rich and poor as peasants living in SEZs had very low wages and low living standards, privatisation of many state provisions like schools and healthcare

103
Q

What was the imperial bank of china a product of

A
  • Self strengthening movement
  • Need for large long term loans for infrastructure projects
104
Q

What were the two types of chinese banks prior to the imperial bank

A

Piaohao - Government relied on to pay wages

Qinzhung - Small moneylender who offered loans to farmers and small businesses

105
Q

Why was there such a big need for the imperial bank in the 1890s

A
  • Many Banks were refusing to lend to the Qing or imposed huge interest rates, due to their instability
  • Banks were too small for large scale loans the Qing needed for infrastructure
106
Q

When did Li Hongzhang first propose a Sino-American Bank

A

1876 –> was opposed and never taken up due yo conservative Qing elements

107
Q

Why was the idea of the imperial bank taken up in 1897

A

Prince Gong support

108
Q

How many loans had the imperial bank issued by 1899

A

8 million dollars

109
Q

How was the Imperial bank a clear product of the self strengthening movement

A

It was modelled off of western models in Shanghai and Hong Kong, it also rejected all tradition chinese moneylending structures, rejected merging offers from foreign powers

110
Q

Why did the Bank collapse in 1899

A
  • Branches were destroyed and looted as symbols of western influence in the boxer rebellion
  • Counterfeit notes circulating in Shanghai also caused a loss in confidence and run on the bank
111
Q

What did TV Song create to try and succeed where the IBC had failed

A

China Development Finance Corporation

112
Q

When did Chiang write to the League of Nations asking for financial development assistance

A

1931

113
Q

Why did the GMD want financial development

A

To be able to fund infrastructure development without relying on foreign loans

114
Q

Who came to China in 1832 to encourage joint business ventures with chinese banks to foreign investors to collaborate on projects

A

Jean Monet

115
Q

Why was the China development Finance Corporation valuable and important

A

It helped to introduce FDI into china to develop infrastructure but in a. way that wouldn’t exploit and over exert foreign political control over china

116
Q

What did Mao believe was chinas biggest strength

A

Its was population

117
Q

How did the second fiver year plan differ form the first

A

Second diverged from USSR Leninist ideals and shifted focus to mobilising the peasant class

118
Q

What was money replaced by in communes in second five year plan

A

Work points that could be exchanged for food

119
Q

How many died from the famine following the second five year plan

A

40 million

120
Q

How did Mao encourage steel production

A

He promoted backyard steel smelting furnaces, that peasants smelting scrap steel could be turned into high quality steel for industrial growth
—> He demanded steel production double in a year

121
Q

What was Maos reaction when he found out the backyard steel furnace didn’t work

A

he allowed it to keep happening to preserve public opinion and communist morale

122
Q

Hundred Flowers Campaign when and what

A

1956 Mao ecncouraged critics to speak out and then arrested them all, therefore no one spoke out on the wrongs and ineffectiveness of Maos second five year plan

123
Q

1959 Lushan conference

A

Review of the second five year plan many criticisms of Mao which continued leading to his sidelining in 1962

124
Q

Why were many of Maos plans ineffective

A

He dismissed experts ideas as he saw them as modernised and counter revolutionary

125
Q

Four modernisations

A

Defence, agriculture, industry, science and tech

126
Q

1975 National peoples Congress

A

Zhou and Deng and other modernisers were elected to take control of china to correct the aftermath of the cultural revolution

127
Q

How did Deng and Zhou push through reform

A

They pretended to be loyal to Maos vision but ignored all elements that hampered economic reform, they also convinced people they had dying Maos support

128
Q

Dengs military modernisation

A

He advocated for improved efficiency in the army and less factions and independent loyalties instead to only be loyal to the CCP

129
Q

Dengs Industrial modernisation

A
  • Set up the iron and steel leading group to attempt to revive industry
  • Also redeveloped railways and transport after cultural revolution
130
Q

Science and education modernisation

A

devastated by the cultural revolution, Deng condemned and stopped all attacks to intellectuals and pushed students to return to schooling

131
Q

What were Maos three principles that Deng manipulated to his use to maintain maoist and public support

A
  • Opposing revisionism
  • Stability and Unity
  • Improving national economy

Making of Modern China (7 decks)

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