The self and identity Flashcards
Self
formed by the collection of all identities
Objective self-awareness (Duval and Wicklund 1972)
state in which you are aware of yourself as an object, generated by situation that focusses your attention on yourself (mirror, audience, …)
Self-awareness theory (Carver and Scheier 1981)
two types of self that you can be aware of:
- private self
- public self
Deindividuation
reduced self-awareness on purpose (drugs, suicide,….)
Self-focused attention (Silvia and Philips 2013)
rather than being aware of yourself you focus attention on yourself
Looking glass self
self-concept is formed from what we think how others see us
possible to experience different selves in different contexts
Tice 1992: public condition that engages looking glass proved it
Self-schema (Breckler, Pratkanis, McCann 1991)
stored information about the self, context-specific nodes
integrated schemas preferable
overrepresented in cognition and associated with longer processing time
Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins 1987)
3 types of self-schemas: actual self ideal self (discrepancy: dejected, sad, disappointed) ought self (discrepancy: agitated, nervous, guilty)
motivation to engage in self-regulation
Regulatory focus theory (Higgins 1997)
2 regulatory systems:
promotion (wanting to achieve good grades)
prevention (wanting to avoid bad grades)
influenced by childhood but situational influences
Self-perception theory (Bem 1972)
when internal cues weak: inferences about ourselves from behavior (self-attribution)
influenced by actively imagining behavior
Overjustificatoin effect (Deci and Ryan 1985)
in absence of obvious determinants of behavior we assume it was freely chosen, motivation increases
Social comparison theory (Festinger 1954)
learning about yourself through comparison with others, establish “correct” behavior
downward comparison to feel better, upward comparison can have negative impact
Self-evaluation maintenance model (Tesser 1988)
people downplay/ deny similarities to not be comparable if the comparison could be damaging to self-esteem
Mussweiler, Rüter, Epstude 2004: subliminal exposure influences self-evaluation as well
Types of self and identity (Brewer and Gardener 1996)
individual
relational
collective
Types of self and identity (Tajfela nd Turner 1986)
social identity
personal identity
Self-coherence
maintain reasonably integrated picture of who you are, weave multiple identities into one self
Optimal distinctiveness model (Brewer)
need to be unique and part of a group at the same time
Social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner 1986)
categorization, identification, comparison, distincitiveness form identities
Meta-contrast principle
prototype of a group is the position in group that has the largest ratio of differences to ingroup positions to differences to outgroup positions
Self-motives
self-assessment (seek new information about yourself)
self-verification (seek information that verifies and confirms what you know)
self-enhancement (develop and promote favorable image of self)
Self-esteem
feelings about and evaluation of oneself, difference between real and ideal self
Kinds of self-related biases
self-enhancing triad (overestimate good points, control over events, unrealistically optimistic)
self-serving bias (Lake Wobegon effect)
unrealistic optimism bias (illusory optimism)
defensive pessimism (anticipating problems)
false-consensus effect
false-uniqueness effect
self-objectification (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997)
Narcissism
unstable self-esteem, try to create overly positive image of themselves, tendency for aggression, correlation to taking selfies and self-enhancing presentations
Impression management
behave differently depending on audience to form good impression
