The self and identity

Question 1

Self

Answer 1

formed by the collection of all identities

Question 2

Objective self-awareness (Duval and Wicklund 1972)

Answer 2

state in which you are aware of yourself as an object, generated by situation that focusses your attention on yourself (mirror, audience, …)

Question 3

Self-awareness theory (Carver and Scheier 1981)

Answer 3

two types of self that you can be aware of:

• private self
• public self

Question 4

Deindividuation

Answer 4

reduced self-awareness on purpose (drugs, suicide,….)

Question 5

Self-focused attention (Silvia and Philips 2013)

Answer 5

rather than being aware of yourself you focus attention on yourself

Question 6

Looking glass self

Answer 6

self-concept is formed from what we think how others see us

possible to experience different selves in different contexts
Tice 1992: public condition that engages looking glass proved it

Question 7

Self-schema (Breckler, Pratkanis, McCann 1991)

Answer 7

stored information about the self, context-specific nodes
integrated schemas preferable

overrepresented in cognition and associated with longer processing time

Question 8

Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins 1987)

Answer 8

3 types of self-schemas:
actual self
ideal self   (discrepancy: dejected, sad, disappointed)
ought self    (discrepancy: agitated, nervous, guilty)

motivation to engage in self-regulation

Question 9

Regulatory focus theory (Higgins 1997)

Answer 9

2 regulatory systems:
promotion (wanting to achieve good grades)
prevention (wanting to avoid bad grades)

influenced by childhood but situational influences

Question 10

Self-perception theory (Bem 1972)

Answer 10

when internal cues weak: inferences about ourselves from behavior (self-attribution)
influenced by actively imagining behavior

Question 11

Overjustificatoin effect (Deci and Ryan 1985)

Answer 11

in absence of obvious determinants of behavior we assume it was freely chosen, motivation increases

Question 12

Social comparison theory (Festinger 1954)

Answer 12

learning about yourself through comparison with others, establish “correct” behavior

downward comparison to feel better, upward comparison can have negative impact

Question 13

Self-evaluation maintenance model (Tesser 1988)

Answer 13

people downplay/ deny similarities to not be comparable if the comparison could be damaging to self-esteem

Mussweiler, Rüter, Epstude 2004: subliminal exposure influences self-evaluation as well

Question 14

Types of self and identity (Brewer and Gardener 1996)

Answer 14

individual
relational
collective

Question 15

Types of self and identity (Tajfela nd Turner 1986)

Answer 15

social identity

personal identity

Question 16

Self-coherence

Answer 16

maintain reasonably integrated picture of who you are, weave multiple identities into one self

Question 17

Optimal distinctiveness model (Brewer)

Answer 17

need to be unique and part of a group at the same time

Question 18

Social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner 1986)

Answer 18

categorization, identification, comparison, distincitiveness form identities

Question 19

Meta-contrast principle

Answer 19

prototype of a group is the position in group that has the largest ratio of differences to ingroup positions to differences to outgroup positions

Question 20

Self-motives

Answer 20

self-assessment (seek new information about yourself)
self-verification (seek information that verifies and confirms what you know)
self-enhancement (develop and promote favorable image of self)

Question 21

Self-esteem

Answer 21

feelings about and evaluation of oneself, difference between real and ideal self

Question 22

Kinds of self-related biases

Answer 22

self-enhancing triad (overestimate good points, control over events, unrealistically optimistic)

self-serving bias (Lake Wobegon effect)

unrealistic optimism bias (illusory optimism)

defensive pessimism (anticipating problems)

false-consensus effect

false-uniqueness effect

self-objectification (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997)

Question 23

Narcissism

Answer 23

unstable self-esteem, try to create overly positive image of themselves, tendency for aggression, correlation to taking selfies and self-enhancing presentations

Question 24

Impression management

Answer 24

behave differently depending on audience to form good impression

Question 25

Strategic self-presentation

Answer 25

manipulating other’s perception of self, five motives:

self-promotion
ingratiation
intimidation
exemplification
supplication

Question 26

Expressive self-presentation

Answer 26

demonstrating, validating self-concept through actions, social validation is required for identity

Question 27

Michelangelo phenomenon

Answer 27

positive expectations create good reality

Question 28

Cultural differences

Answer 28

individualistic cultures value independent self, collectivistic cultures value interdependent self

Question 29

BIRGing

Answer 29

basking in reflected glory, name-dropping