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Social Behavior > Groups > Flashcards

Groups Flashcards

1
Q

Reference group

A

chosen group for conformity and norms

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2
Q

Membership group

A

can not be changed, not chosen, like gender

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3
Q

Definition group membership

A

personal definition and identification in terms of group membership, share normative attitudes, common goal, evaluation

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4
Q

Types of groups

A
  • common-bond group, based on close interpersonal bonds (personal goals > group goals)
  • common-identity group, attached to group as whole (group goals most important)
  • social aggregates
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5
Q

Social facilitation

A

better performance on easy tasks, worse on hard tasks when presence of others

  • drive theory (Zajonc)
  • evaluation-apprehension model (Cottrell), presence of others only causes arousal when feeling evaluated
  • distraction-conflict theory
  • self-awareness theory
  • self-presentation concern
  • narrowed attention
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6
Q

Task taxonomy (Steiner)

A

individual performance in group, depends on whether:

divisible/ unitary or maximizing/ optimizing

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7
Q

Types of distribution of work in groups

A
  • additive - group’s product sum of all inputs
  • compensatory - average of all inputs
  • disjunctive - adopted product of one individual’s input
  • conjunctive - group product determined by least able member
  • discretionary - group free to decide for preferred course of action
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8
Q

Ringelmann effect

A

individual’s effort on task diminishes as group size increases, coordinational or motivational loss

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9
Q

Social loafing

A

work less on a task when we believe others are also working on it (motivational loss)

  • output equity
  • evaluation apprehension
  • matching to group standard
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10
Q

Free-rider effect

A

take advantage of shared public resources without contributing

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11
Q

Social compensation

A

increased effort on collective task to compensate other group member’s lack of effort or ability

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12
Q

Group cohesiveness (Festinger)

A

property of group that binds group members to one another, higher personal attachment, either personal or social attraction

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13
Q

Forming of groups (5 steps)

A
  • forming
  • storming
  • norming
  • performing
  • adjourning
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14
Q

Forming of groups (3 steps)

A
  • evaluation
  • commitment
  • role transition
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15
Q

Initiation rites

A

cognitive dissonance makes you like the group more once you’ve done a hard/ bad initiation rite to finally be a member of the group

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16
Q

Norms of groups

A

attitudinal and behavioral uniformities that define group membership, limited frame of reference, coordination towards fulfillment of goals

17
Q

Ethnomethodology (Garfinkel)

A

making sense of world through belonging to group

18
Q

Roles in a group

A

behavioral patterns, apply to subgroups that interrelate for good of whole group, furnishes expectations and definition of the self

19
Q

Expectation status theory (Berger)

A

hierarchies are malleable, roles emerge as consequence of people’s status-based expectations about other’s performances

20
Q

Specific vs diffuse status characteristics

A

specific: relate directly to useful ability on group task
diffuse: generally positive or negative, large-scale attitudes

21
Q

Being prototypical in a group

A

more influence, higher status, leaders are very prototypical

22
Q

Subjective group dynamics (Marques)

A

respond to deviant individuals within groups in a context involving comparisons between their ingroup and an outgroup, different attitudes and behavior when in comparison with other groups

23
Q

Reasons for joining a group

A 
realistic conflict theory, behavioral interdependence to achieve a goal
affiliation
proximity
safety
terror management theory (Greenberg)
uncertainty identity theory (Hogg)
24
Q

Leadership

A

ability to influence group to achieve a goal, either effective or good, depending on context, task specialist or socioemotional specialist

25
Q

Great person theory

A

good leader defined by big five personality traits

but: not the only factor, combination of personal and situational factors is key to good or effective leadership

26
Q

Types of leaders (Lippit and White)

A

autocratic
democratic
laissez-faire

27
Q

Contingency theories

A
  • Fiedler’s contingency theory - situational control
  • normative decision theory - autocratic when subordinate commitment high and task clear, democratic when more involvement needed and task less clear
  • path-goal theory (House) - leader’s main function is motivate followers by clarifying paths
28
Q

Idiosyncrasy credit (Hollander)

A

good credit rating gives leader legitimacy to exert influence and deviate from established norms

29
Q

Leader-member exchange theory (Grean)

A

effective leadership depends on ability to develop good-quality exchange relationships

30
Q

Leader categorization theory

A

variety of schemas about different types of leaders, high match makes good leader

31
Q

Status characteristics theory

A

leaders who are both task-relevant and high-status are better

32
Q

Group value model (Lind)

A

justice within group makes members feel evaluated, enhanced commitment

33
Q

Relational model of authority in groups (Tyler)

A

effective authority rests on fairness, distributive vs procederal justice

34
Q

Social decision schemas

A

intellect required: truth wins
judgement: majority wins
strictness: amount of agreement
distribution of power: how authoritarian

35
Q

Brainstorming

A

less productive,
evaluation apprehension - reduction in productivity when feeling productive and good
social loafing
production matching - average group performance as norm, regression to mean
production blocking - creativity reduced when taking turns
illusion of group efficiency

36
Q

Group memory

A

Clark, Stephenson 1980s: groups remember more but make same amount of mistakes

37
Q

Group think

A

unanimous agreement > proper rational decision making, leads to poor decisions

38
Q

Group polarization

A

tendency to make decisions that are more extreme than the mean of opinions

39
Q

Reasons for group polarization

A
  • persuasive arguments theory
  • social comparison theory
  • cultural values theory
  • social identity theory

Social Behavior (9 decks)

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