Attitudes

Question 1

Attitudes

Answer 1

relatively enduring set of beliefs, feelings, behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events, symbols

Question 2

Structure of attitudes

Answer 2

one-component model (Thurstone), affect
two-component model (Allport), mental readiness to act and guide for evaluative processes
three-component model, affective, behavioral, cognitive components

Question 3

Sociocognitive model (Greenwald)

Answer 3

knowledge stored in memory with summary of how to appraise

Question 4

Function of attitudes

Answer 4

evaluation
save cognitive energy
decision making, gives sense to the world

Question 5

Cognitive consistency theories

Answer 5

people try to maintain internal consistency, order, agreement
dissonance theory or balance theory

Question 6

Cognitive dissonance theory (Feistinger)

Answer 6

people strive to achieve internal consistency and decrease dissonance of contradicting beliefs

Question 7

Balance theory (Heider)

Answer 7

cognitive consistency theory

Question 8

Values

Answer 8

higher-order concepts to organize attitudes, terminal or instrumental

Question 9

Ideology

Answer 9

widely shared systems of beliefs, serve explanatory function, give certainty

Question 10

Social representations

Answer 10

collectively elaborated explanations of unfamiliar, complex phenomena to transform them inro a familiar and simple form

Question 11

Formation of attitudes

Answer 11

• mere exposure effect
• classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning
• spreading attitude effect
• modelling
• information integration (cognitive algebra)
• self-perception theory (external cues to gather information about yourself)
• parental influence
• medial influence

Question 12

Theory of reasoned action (Fishbein and Ajzen)

Answer 12

specific attitude that has normative support predicts intention to act

Question 13

Theory of planned behavior

Answer 13

predicting behavior from attitude measure improves if people believe they have control over it and if attitudes are strong

Question 14

Attitude accessibility (Fazio)

Answer 14

quickly accessible attitudes are recalled more easily

Question 15

Persuasive communication

Answer 15

Yale approach to persuasive communication (Havland)

• source
• message
• audience

Question 16

Steps of persuasion process

Answer 16

• attention
• comprehension
• acceptance
• retention

Question 17

Disconfirmation bias

Answer 17

people tend to believe and accept evidence that supports prior beliefs

Question 18

Third-person effect

Answer 18

“I won’t get influenced I’m not like the others”

Question 19

Elaboration-likelihood model (Petty and Cacioppo)

Answer 19

central route or peripheral route used for information processing

Question 20

Heuristic-systematic model (Chaiken)

Answer 20

when message attended carefully, systematic processing, otherwise processing using heuristics

Question 21

Compliance

Answer 21

superficial change in behavior, requestor group pressure

Question 22

Persuasive techniques

Answer 22

• foot-in-the-door (focal then small request)
• door-in-the-foot (small then focal)
• low-ball (agree with request and then reveal hidden costs)

Question 23

How does cognitive dissonance show itself

Answer 23

• effort justification
• free choice
• induced compliance
• self-affirmation
• vicarious dissonance

Question 24

Resistance to persuasion

Answer 24

• reactance
• forewarning
• inoculation

Question 25

Dissonance vs self-perception

Answer 25

motivational vs attribution
arousal vs no arousal
strong attitudes vs weak attitudes
attitudes change vs attitude formation
belief-based vs cue-driven
reasoned vs automatic