Prejudice and discrimination Flashcards
Prejudice
unfavorable attitude towards social group and members based on content of stereotypes
Difference between prejudice and discrimination
prejudice - discrimination parallel to
attitude - behavior
3 component attitude model
cognitive - beliefs
affective - feelings
conative - intentions
Stereotype content model (Fiske)
stereotypes based on rating on competence OR warmth (northern europe: competence, southern europe: warmth)
Implicit association test (Greenwald, Schwartz, McGhee 1998)
measure hidden prejudiced attitudes, nowadays open and liberal but stereotypes still exist in private situations
Traits of targets of prejudice
categorizations are vivid, omnipresent, socially functional, lower social positions
based upon e.g. race, sex, age, health, religion, sexual orientation, …..
Role congruity theory
if people behave differently than the role expectations suggest: observer will react negatively
example: woman that focuses on her career instead on family, stdy by Rudman, Glick 1990s show that women in “male” context are rated negatively
Function of stigmas
stigmatized people are connected to negative social evaluations because of their group membership
easy to use as downward comparison to boost the ingroup’s self-esteem
Stereotype threat, self-fulfilling prophecies
stigmatized people can internalize negative expectations (self-fulfilling prophecy, Eden 1990)
Dehumanization
denied human uniqueness and human nature, linked to animals (disgust) or objects/ machines (cold, lack of emotions)
easy to hurt “inhuman” people
Essentialism
considering behavior to reflect underlying traits of people or groups that also can not be changed
Explanations for prejudice
- innate component (fear of the unknown, different, unfamiliar), mere exposure effect against
- learnt in childhood (modelling, instrumental or classic conditioning)
- authoritarian personality (Adorno 1950)
- dogmatism
- right-wing authoritarianism
- social dominance theory (Pratto)
- system justification theory
- belief congruence theory (Rokeach)
Social dominance theory (Pratto)
attributes prejudice to acceptance of ideology that legitimates ingroup-serving hierarchy
desire to be dominant over outgroups
System justification theory
doing everything if it is beneficial for system
Belief congruence theory (Rokeach)
smilar beliefs promote liking, dissimilar promote disliking
Relative deprivation (Stouffer)
feeling oh having less than you are entitled to
Realistic conflict theory (Sherif)
individuals who share a goal that require interdependence cooperate
individuals with exclusive but mutual goals engage in interindividual competition
Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel)
groups favor themselves over others, how quickly and easily groups gorm
Social categorization
classification of people as members of different social groups, depersonalization
reduces uncertainty
Social identity theory
groups provide identity, connected to ethnocentrism, ingroup-favoritism, intergroup differentiation
can lead to depersonalization because group identity is that strong
group norms
Motivation for social identity
self-enhancement, positive distinctiveness, uncertainty-identity theory (Hogg)
Uncertainty-identity theory (Hogg)
Social identity processes motivated by uncertainty reduction
Social mobility belief system
permeable intergroup boundaries, improvement by passing to higher-status group ?
Social change belief system
impermeable boundaries, change legitimacy of higher group to take their place, direct competition ?
