Prejudice and discrimination

Question 1

Prejudice

Answer 1

unfavorable attitude towards social group and members based on content of stereotypes

Question 2

Difference between prejudice and discrimination

Answer 2

prejudice - discrimination parallel to

attitude - behavior

Question 3

3 component attitude model

Answer 3

cognitive - beliefs
affective - feelings
conative - intentions

Question 4

Stereotype content model (Fiske)

Answer 4

stereotypes based on rating on competence OR warmth (northern europe: competence, southern europe: warmth)

Question 5

Implicit association test (Greenwald, Schwartz, McGhee 1998)

Answer 5

measure hidden prejudiced attitudes, nowadays open and liberal but stereotypes still exist in private situations

Question 6

Traits of targets of prejudice

Answer 6

categorizations are vivid, omnipresent, socially functional, lower social positions

based upon e.g. race, sex, age, health, religion, sexual orientation, …..

Question 7

Role congruity theory

Answer 7

if people behave differently than the role expectations suggest: observer will react negatively

example: woman that focuses on her career instead on family, stdy by Rudman, Glick 1990s show that women in “male” context are rated negatively

Question 8

Function of stigmas

Answer 8

stigmatized people are connected to negative social evaluations because of their group membership

easy to use as downward comparison to boost the ingroup’s self-esteem

Question 9

Stereotype threat, self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 9

stigmatized people can internalize negative expectations (self-fulfilling prophecy, Eden 1990)

Question 10

Dehumanization

Answer 10

denied human uniqueness and human nature, linked to animals (disgust) or objects/ machines (cold, lack of emotions)

easy to hurt “inhuman” people

Question 11

Essentialism

Answer 11

considering behavior to reflect underlying traits of people or groups that also can not be changed

Question 12

Explanations for prejudice

Answer 12

• innate component (fear of the unknown, different, unfamiliar), mere exposure effect against
• learnt in childhood (modelling, instrumental or classic conditioning)
• authoritarian personality (Adorno 1950)
• dogmatism
• right-wing authoritarianism
• social dominance theory (Pratto)
• system justification theory
• belief congruence theory (Rokeach)

Question 13

Social dominance theory (Pratto)

Answer 13

attributes prejudice to acceptance of ideology that legitimates ingroup-serving hierarchy
desire to be dominant over outgroups

Question 14

System justification theory

Answer 14

doing everything if it is beneficial for system

Question 15

Belief congruence theory (Rokeach)

Answer 15

smilar beliefs promote liking, dissimilar promote disliking

Question 16

Relative deprivation (Stouffer)

Answer 16

feeling oh having less than you are entitled to

Question 17

Realistic conflict theory (Sherif)

Answer 17

individuals who share a goal that require interdependence cooperate
individuals with exclusive but mutual goals engage in interindividual competition

Question 18

Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel)

Answer 18

groups favor themselves over others, how quickly and easily groups gorm

Question 19

Social categorization

Answer 19

classification of people as members of different social groups, depersonalization
reduces uncertainty

Question 20

Social identity theory

Answer 20

groups provide identity, connected to ethnocentrism, ingroup-favoritism, intergroup differentiation
can lead to depersonalization because group identity is that strong
group norms

Question 21

Motivation for social identity

Answer 21

self-enhancement, positive distinctiveness, uncertainty-identity theory (Hogg)

Question 22

Uncertainty-identity theory (Hogg)

Answer 22

Social identity processes motivated by uncertainty reduction

Question 23

Social mobility belief system

Answer 23

permeable intergroup boundaries, improvement by passing to higher-status group ?

Question 24

Social change belief system

Answer 24

impermeable boundaries, change legitimacy of higher group to take their place, direct competition ?

Question 25

Accentuation effect

Answer 25

overestimation of simmilarities

Question 26

Relative homogeneity effect

Answer 26

tendency to see outgroup members as all the same and ingroup members as more differentiated

Question 27

Intergroup emotions theory

Answer 27

stronger identification with group - stronger emotions, ingroup: positive bias, outgroup: negative bias

Question 28

Early theory about collective behavior (LeBon)

Answer 28

crowds produce primitive and homogenous bahvior because:
anonymity - irresponsibility
contagion - rapid, unpredictable changes
suggestibility - instincts surface

Question 29

Early theory about collective behavior (McDougall)

Answer 29

most widespread emotions ate primitive, snowball-effect

Question 30

Deindividuation in terms of collective behavior (Zimbardo)

Answer 30

when people lose sense of individual identity, engagement in antisocial and impulsive behavior

Question 31

Self-awareness in terms of collective behavior

Answer 31

reduced attention to private self - deindividuation

reduced attention to public self - independent from norms

Question 32

Emergent norm theory (Turner)

Answer 32

collective behavior is regulated by norms that can emergy in special situations

Question 33

Improving intergroup relations

Answer 33

• mere exposure
• extended contact effect
• color blindness (Berry)
• superordinate goals (Sherif)
• pluralism and diversity (Hogg)
• negotiation (Benton)
• mediation (Pruitt)
• Arbitration
• Conciliation

Question 34

Integrated threat model (Stephan)

Answer 34

other groups are threat to existence, norms, beliefs, values, threat to identity

Question 35

Extended contact effect (Wright)

Answer 35

when ingroup member has contact to outgroup members, other ingroup members are more tolerant