THE SECOND MIDTERM Flashcards
What are the nine major causes of death in order?
- Heart disease - 28% 2. Malignancies - 23% 3. Stroke 4. Emphysema 5. Accidents 6. Diabetes 7. Pneumonia 8. Alzheimer’s 9. Renal diseases - 1.7%
Definition of hypertrophy and hyperplasia:
It is the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. It is distinguished from hyperplasia, in which the cells remain approximately the same size but increase in number. You are born with about all of the cardiac myocytes that you will get, but they can get bigger, this is hypertrophy.
Definition of metaplasia:
It is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may generally be a part of normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus. In simplistic terms, it is as if the original cells are not robust enough to withstand the new environment, and so they change into another type more suited to the new environment.
Definition of dysplasia:
It is an ambiguous term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality of development or an epithelial anomaly of growth and differentiation. It is disordered hyperplasia without maturation.
Definition of atrophy:
Cell shrinkage or loss, caused by lack of hormonal signals, loss of innervation, lack of use, loss of blood supply, starvation, individual cell death
Definition of cachexia:
The formal definition of cachexia is the loss of body mass that cannot be reversed nutritionally: Even if the affected patient eats more calories, lean body mass will be lost, indicating a primary pathology is in place.
At what percent of normal body weight is cachexia fatal?
Fatal at 68% of normal body weight
What type of cell change is the uterine cervix, bowel in IBS, esophagus with Barrett’s?
Dysplasia
What are the main eight causes of cell injury and death
- Trauma - force, heat, cold 2. Ischemia - inadequate circulation 3. Toxins & radiation 4. Infection 5. Inflammation 6. Genetic diseases 7. Nutritional problems 8. Tumors
Which cells are most prone to injury?
Those that have a high metabolic activity and those that proliferate rapidly
What are three examples of cells that have a high metabolic activity?
- Cardiac myocytes 2. Renal tubular cells 3. Hepatocytes
What are three examples of cells that proliferate rapidly?
- Testicular germ cells 2. Intestinal epithelium 3. Hematopoietic cells
What are the two degrees of cell injury and what are examples of each?
Reversible and Irreversible (cell death). An example of reversible is mild acute tubular necrosis of kidney, toxic livery injury, severe exercise. An example of irreversible is holes in cell membrane, long Ca++ influx, mitochondrial loss, and the two types of irreversible are necrosis and apoptosis.
What happens during severe exercise to our cells in the body?
You get hypoxia because of loss of ATP, anaerobic glycolysis with acidosis, and cell swelling because loss of Na pump.
Apoptosis involves inflammation. True or False?
False, it happens in normal cell turnover, viral infections, normal embryology, damaged cells.
What are the early events of necrosis?
Cell membrane disruption, Ca++ signal, energy loss.
Necrosis happens more often to individual cells rather than cell clusters. True or False?
False, it is the opposite
Necrosis involves inflammation. True or False?
True, it incites acute inflammation from leakage of cell contents
What is kariolysis?
It is the complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell due to the enzymatic degradation by endonucleases. We get a digested, pale nucleus
What is nuclear pyknosis?
Is when the nucleus becomes shriveled and dark.
What is karyorrhexis?
It is when the nucleus becomes fragmented.
What is coagulative necrosis?
Coagulative -See this in infarcts in any tissue (except brain) -Due to loss of blood -Gross: tissue is firm -Micro: Cell outlines are preserved (cells look ghostly), and everything looks red
What is liquefactive necrosis?
Liquefactive -See this in infections and, for some unknown reason, in brain infarcts -Due to lots of neutrophils around releasing their toxic contents, “liquefying” the tissue -Gross: tissue is liquidy and creamy yellow (pus) -Micro: lots of neutrophils and cell debris
What is caseous necrosis?
Caseous -See this in tuberculosis -Due to the body trying to wall off and kill the bug with macrophages -Gross: White, soft, cheesy-looking (“caseous”) material -Micro: fragmented cells and debris surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes and macrophages (granuloma)