Quiz 2 Flashcards
What are the two minor affective disorders (which are mood disorders)?
- Depression-dysthymia (-Dysthymia is minor depression, DSM5 qualification requires: longer than two years, lowered mood/anhedonia, incidence is about 6% at any one time females are more likely) 2. Cyclothymia (-Cycles of dysthymia to minor state of mania-minor bipolar-longer than two years-no gender bias -No drugs for these usually, some of our most brilliant people like Einstein entered this manic part of cyclothymia and was productive
How does marijuana cause dopamine release?
It activates cannabinoid receptors
What are the three different types of pain that will factor in to which analgesic we choose?
- Musculoskeletal 2. Inflammatory 3. Visceral Pain
What is the pathway of pain transmission starting at the injury?
Starts at injury, the noxious stimuli activate the sensitive peripheral ending of the primary afferent nociceptor by the process of transduction. The message is then transmitted over the peripheral nerve to the spinal cord, projection neurons send axons across the midline, where it synapses with cells of origin of the major ascending pain pathway, the spinothalamic tract. The message is relayed in the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex 1 and 2.
What are the main three atypical anti-psychotic drugs?
- Clozapine (Can cause serious agranulocytosis, wiping out WBC’s) 2. Quetiapine 3. Olanzepine
If you are older than 85, what percent chance do you have of getting Parkinson’s?
50%
How does administration of local anesthetic change with Parkinson’s Disease patients?
For patients receiving levodopa and/or entacapone, limit administration to three cartridges of 2 percent lido with 1:100,000 epi per 30 minute period to avoid hypertension and tachycardia. For patients on selegiline, do not administer agents containing epinephrine because of result of severe hypertension.
How does caffeine cause dopamine release?
It activates adenosine receptors
What are the four basic physiologic processes in nociception? And where do they take place?
Transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception. Transduction happens in primary afferent nociceptor, then transmission happens when action potential passes through dorsal root ganglia to actual spinal cord, where modulation takes place, crosses the midline, and goes up spinothalamic tract to the thalamus, and then into the cortex where pain perception takes place.
What are the characteristics of Stage I of Parkinson’s Disease?
Mild/Early Disease - Only one side of the body is affected, so tremor in just one limb for example, and usually with minimal or no functional impairment
What is the definition of nociception?
The physiological process by which information on actual/potential tissue damage is conveyed to the CNS
What do most abused substances do to the brain?
They enhance dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens (particularly reltaed to pleasure, motor, and cognitive function). Glutamate and GABA are other pathways also involved.
What is the “gate control” theory of pain? What fibers converge for this?
The gate control theory of pain asserts that non-painful input closes the “gates” to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system. Therefore, stimulation by non-noxious input is able to suppress pain. So an example is putting pressure on palate to attempt to inhibit nociception from the injection. Gate control is inhibition of pain by touch. There is a convergence of inputs from A-beta and A-delta fibers, competing for same train tracks.
What is a severe acute anxiety-panic attack?
It is a dramatic acute outburst, peak in 10 minutes-Self-limiting-Autonomic outburst-Sense of dread and impending doom, confusion-Sometimes associated with depression
What are the drugs that might help with autism psychotic, aggressive or repetitive behaviors, but don’t help with the progression of the disease?
Atypical antipsychotics or SSRI’s
How does secondary activation of nociceptor nerves work?
Chemical messengers released from activated nociceptor nerve endings act locally to release messengers that further activate the nociceptors. This is positive feedback. Action potentials propagate toward the cell body in the dorsal root ganglia and then enter the spinal cord.
What are the four “other” opioid narcotics?
- Meperidine (for moderate pain, demerol) 2. Pentazocine (It is unique because of its interaction with the kappa receptor, so makes it less likely that people will abuse this, it has a mixed agonist/antagonist effect) 3. Methadone (If an opioid addict is going to methadone clinics, then chart that and know that you don’t need to give them more pain coverage, also used to treat opioid addiction) 4. Buprenorphine (As they go to higher doses it turns into an antagonist, shuts everything off, and kicks them into withdrawals, so harder to get addicted to, similar to two above)
What are the two “other” schizophrenia types?
- Acute psychotic disorder (-Stress-related/maybe delusions, and maybe halucinations. There is a fast recovery, and once you can resolve the stress, the psychosis goes away) 2. Schizoaffective (-Poorly defined, You have severe depression and bouts of schizophrenia, Looks a lot like bipolar)
What is the definition of nociceptive pain?
Pain resulting from activation of nociceptors as a result of actual or potential tissue damage and processing by the CNS (Somatic/visceral/inflammatory)
What are the two main barbiturates for treating anxiety disorders?
- Pentobarbital (short-acting, helps with anesthesia induction) 2. Phenobarbital (longer-acting, for seizures)
What are some common environmental factors that might induce Parkinson’s Disease?
Mg and Hg, Pesticides (farmers are more likely), Trauma (quinones)
What does COX-1 normally help out with?
GI protection, platelet aggregation, renal activities.
What are the characteristics of Stage II of Parkinson’s Disease?
Both sides of the body are affected but posture and balance remain normal
What are seven tips for maintaining and improving dental health with PD?
- Use an electric toothbrush 2. Try one handed strategies 3. Apply stannous fluoride gel 4. Visit dentist in the morning 5. Take levodopa 60-90 minutes before visit 6. Try non-alcohol based mouthwash 7. Plan several shorter dentist visits