Drugs up until Midterm #2 Flashcards
Methimazole
Treats hyperthyroidism. Is a thioamide that is used to treat hyperthyroidism. It inhibits thyroid peroxidase reactions, blocks iodine organification.
Metoprolol
Lower blood pressure, treat heart failure. Beta-1 antagonist used to lower blood pressure, angina, glaucoma. Effects include decreased HR and contractility, increased TPR because of beta-2 blockage in skeletal muscle (seems counterintuitive, what decreased HR is more important factor), decreased renin release, bronchial constriction, decreased glycogenolysis in response to hypoglycemia, decreased aqueous humor production. Also used to treat heart failure.
Captopril
Lowers blood pressure, treats heart failure. This drug is an ACE inhibitor (any drug that ends with pril, is usually an ACE inhibitor). It inhibits the converting enzyme (peptidyl dipeptidase) that hydrolyzes angiotensin I to angiotensin II, so you can’t get increased blood pressure through the ACE pathway. This also allows bradykinin to stay active (because ACE turns it off usually), which is a potent vasodilator that stimulates the release of nitric oxide and prostaglandins. You also get major hyperkalemia with these drugs. Also used to treat heart failure.
Acetazolamide
Lowers blood pressure. It is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, which will decrease the reabsorption of NaCO3 in the end, because the proton pump isn’t working because CA was blocked, so without that proton pump, less NaCO3 is reabsorbed, and more is secreted, and water will follow. Works in the primary convoluted tubule. It also changes the pH to make urine more basic because not as much acid is being secreted. This drug is used for treating glaucoma, epilepsy.
Naltrexone
Used to treat Alcoholism. μ opioid receptor antagonist; felt to ↓ drinking through ↓ feelings of reward with alcohol and/or ↓ craving.
Penicillamine
Treats cystine stones. Chelating agent that binds to cystine and improves its solubility in patients with cystine stones.
Cinacalcet
Used for hyperparathyroidism. Activates the calcium sensing receptor in the parathyroid gland to inhibit more PTH secretion to decrease serum Calcium.
Tolazamide
Treats diabetes. Is a 1st generation sulfonylurea that is used to treat type II diabetes by increasing insulin release from beta cells by blocking potassium channels on their membranes. Side effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain because they can bind to carrier proteins in the blood, be dislodged by other drugs, leading to rapid increase in their activity and hypoglycemia.
Orlistat
Is used for weight loss, is a lipase inhibitor. It diminishes fat absorption by the intestines.
Glipizide
Treats diabetes. Is a 2nd generation sulfonylurea that is used to treat type II diabetes by increasing insulin release from beta cells by blocking potassium channels on their membranes. Side effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain but a lot less likely to cause hypoglycemia than 1st generation sulfonylureas.
Insulin Lispro
Treats diabetes. Is a rapid-acting insulin, mimics after meal insulin, rapid onset, early peak action, can be taken right before a meal, duration is about 4 hours so it prevents post-meal hypoglycemia.
Chlorpropramide
Treats diabetes. Is a 1st generation sulfonylurea that is used to treat type II diabetes by increasing insulin release from beta cells by blocking potassium channels on their membranes. Side effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain because they can bind to carrier proteins in the blood, be dislodged by other drugs, leading to rapid increase in their activity and hypoglycemia.
Nitroglycerin
Treats angina. Allows nitric oxide to float around in the body causing vasodilation to the arteries of the heart, treating angina and chest pain, it also decreases myocardial O2 consumption. They have long-lasting patches for 8 hours, and it is volatile, needs to be stored in closed glass container. Side effects include orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia (reflex), throbbing headache. Tolerance develops rapidly.
Spironolactone
This drug is a potassium-sparing diuretic. Most diuretics cause us to lose potassium through urine, sometimes people who take those drugs will also be given a potassium-sparing drug to take with it. This drug prevents K secretion by antagonizing the effects of aldosterone in collecting tubules (via blockade of mineralocorticoid receptors).
Denosumab
Used for osteoporosis. Is a monoclonal anti-RANKL antibody treatment of excess bone resorption in osteoporosis and some cancers. it prevents RANKL from stimulating osteoclast differentiation and activity.
Acamprosate
Used to treat Alcoholism. Weak antagonist of NMDA receptors, activator of GABAA receptors; may ↓ mild protracted abstinence syndromes with ↓ feelings of a “need” for alcohol.
Tolbutamide
Treats diabetes. Is a 1st generation sulfonylurea that is used to treat type II diabetes by increasing insulin release from beta cells by blocking potassium channels on their membranes. Side effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain because they can bind to carrier proteins in the blood, be dislodged by other drugs, leading to rapid increase in their activity and hypoglycemia.
Lidocaine
Treats arrhythmias. Class I anti-arrhythmic drug. Effective against infarct-related arrhythmias. Is the first choice for ventricular arrhythmias, which are the worst kind!
Verapamil
Lowers blood pressure, prevents angina, class IV anti-arrhythmia drug. This drug is a direct vasodilator that reduces calcium influx, is a calcium channel blocker. All the vasodilators that are useful in hypertension relax smooth muscle of arterioles, thereby decreasing systemic vascular resistance. Decreased arterial resistance and decreased mean arterial blood pressure elicit compensatory responses, mediated by baroreceptors and the sympathetic nervous system, and because these are still intact, vasodilator therapies generally do not cause orthostatic hypotension. This drug is also used to treat angina by prevent Ca influx through L-type channels and blocking contraction of smooth and cardiac muscles while reducing O2 demand. Can cause cardiac depression, bradycardia, flushing. This drug is also considered a class IV anti-arrhythmia drug.
Carvedilol
Lowers blood pressure. This drug is a beta and alpha-1 antagonist used to treat high blood pressure, angina, open-angle glaucoma.
Heparin
Anticoagulant, works on intrinsic pathway. Administered via continuous drip.
Losartan
Lower blood pressure. This drug is an angiotensin II inhibitor (ACE helps convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II). It decreases peripheral vascular resistance, but has no effect on bradykinin (a potent vasodilator) metabolism and is therefore a more selective blocker of angiotensin effects than ACE inhibitors.
Acarbose
Used to treat type II diabetes, is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Slows the digestion and absorption of starch, disaccharides, etc. by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase in the brush border of the small intestines and pancreatic alpha-amylase. Side effects are bloating and flatulence.
Prophylthiouracil
Treats hyperthyroidism and Graves disease. Is a thioamide that is used to treat hyperthyroidism and Graves Disease. It inhibits thyroid peroxidase reactions, blocks iodine organification.