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EURO YAT > The Scientific Revolution > Flashcards

The Scientific Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What was science like prior to the 16th century?

A 
Qualitative 
Employed logic and reasoning
Lack experimentation
Geocentric theory
Everything made of 4 elements (earth, water, fire, air)
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2
Q

What were some reasons for the scientific revolution?

A

Ppl wanted more accurate star charts
Ppl wanted more accurate calendars
Ppl became interested in nature

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3
Q

What was the geocentric theory?

A

The earth is the center of the universe

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4
Q

Who developed the geocentric theory?

A

Ptolemy

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5
Q

Why was the geocentric theory accepted by everyone in old science?

A

It made logical sense

MAINLY it confirmed the Christian theological doctrine that the universe was perfect(ly created by God)

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6
Q

What new institutions were developed during this time period?

A

Royal courts
Royal societies & academies
New universities

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7
Q

Why was Copernicus called by the church? To do what?

A

He was called so that he could help figure out better calendars
Since the calendars were so out of sync with the seasons

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8
Q

What happened when Copernicus was asked to help by the church?

A

He developed the heliocentric theory (he made this with no observation)

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9
Q

What is the heliocentric theory?

A

The idea that the sun is the center of the universe

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10
Q

What was “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres” (1543)?

A

Copernicus
Wass able to publish this so long as he stated that the heliocentric theory was a hypothetical model and that it WAS NOT A TRUE MODEL

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11
Q

Why didn’t the church like the heliocentric theory?

A

The church didn’t like heliocentric model bc it essentially proved what the church had been saying all these years as wrong

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12
Q

Why was Copernicus branded a heretic?

A

Because he stated in “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere” that his theory was simply a theory and that it wasn’t necessarily true

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13
Q

Why did Brahe disagree disagree with Copernicus?

A

Brahe believed in geocentrism

Copernicus believed in heliocentrism

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14
Q

What were Brahe’s contributions?

A

Wrote what he observed

Believed in geocentrism

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15
Q

What was the relation between Brahe and Kepler?

A

Kepler was Brahe’s apprentice

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16
Q

What does Kepler do with Brahe’s observations?

A

He uses them to reject the geocentric theory

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17
Q

What were Johannes Kepler contributions?

A

Developed the laws of planetary motion (elliptical orbits)

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18
Q

What were Galileo Galilei contributions?

A

Perfected the telescope which he used to observe moons & planets
Contradicts that the universe is perfect

19
Q

What were Francis Bacon’s contributions?

A

Father of empiricism
Developed inductive reasoning
Purpose of science = human improvement

20
Q

Who provided true empirical evidence of heliocentrism?

A

Galileo;

21
Q

How did Galileo prove that the universe was not perfect?

A

With the telescope he saw the craters on the moon which proved that the universe technically wasn’t perfect if the moon wasn’t a perfect circle

22
Q

What happened when Galileo contradicted the perfection of the universe?

A

The church didn’t like this (obvs) so they send the inquisition in 1633 and Galileo recants everything “heretical” he said

23
Q

What were Newton’s contributions?

A

Calculus
Principia Mathematica (1687)
Universe is finely tuned watch and God is the watchmaker
Universal gravitation

24
Q

What was the Principia Mathematica (1687)?

A

Newton

Synthesized everyone’s contributions to science

25
Q

What were Rene Descartes contributions?

A 
Skepticism; doubt everything 
"Cogito, ergo sum"
Deductive reasoning 
Cartesian Dualism 
Wrote the Discourse on Method
26
Q

What does “cogito, ergo sum” mean?

A

I think therefore I am (Descartes)

27
Q

What is Cartesian dualism?

A

Descartes

The idea that there are two aspects to us: the body & the mind

28
Q

What is the Discourse on Method?

A

Descartes’ attempt to explain his method of reasoning through even the most difficult of problems.

29
Q

What were some affects of the Scientific Revolution on Blaise Pascal?

A

Pensées

Pascal’s wager

30
Q

What are pensées?

A

Where pascal examines reason and faith

31
Q

What is Pascal’s Wager?

A

Created by pascal

Religion can’t be proven

32
Q

What were the affects of the scientific revolution on Spinoza?

A

mind and matter are extensions of the infinite substance of God.

33
Q

What is deism?

A

God is seen as the watchmaker but the world works without God’s constant intervention
DONT believe in miracles

34
Q

What were some reasons why science constrained women even more than before during the scientific revolution?

A

Monasteries and universities consisted of all men

Biology : sexual dimorphism

35
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

That male bodies are different from female bodies in that each body is suited for a different purpose

36
Q

Who were some exceptions of women exclusion during the scientific revolution?

A

Noble women and artisan women

37
Q

What was the royal society of London?

A

Established in 1662 by King Charles 2
Sought and received patronage from the king by emphasizing the prestige and practical applications of their discoveries
Used by King to improve scientific knowledge

38
Q

Who was Robert Boyle?

A

Chemistry

39
Q

Who was William Harvey?

A

Anatomy, botany (study of plants)

40
Q

Who is an example of a NOBLE woman from the scientific revolution?

A

Margaret cavendish

41
Q

Who was the only woman in the 17th century to meet with the Royal Society of London? Did they like her? If no explain why

A

Margaret Cavendish
NOoo
Bc she was openly critic

42
Q

Who is an example of an artisan women during the scientific revolution?

A

Maria Winkelman

43
Q

What achievements did Maria Winkelman contribute?

A

Husband was an astronomer and she worked with him
They work together to make a calendar
She found a comet but credit goes to husband
Eventually gets credit in 1930

44
Q

What are cunning folk?

A

Used magic to help village

Had pwr and importance in the village

EURO YAT (14 decks)

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