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EURO YAT > Enlightenment > Flashcards

Enlightenment Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the MAJOR idea of the enlightenment?

A

Emphasis on reason

Society and laws should be based on human reason

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2
Q

Who were some individuals that helped to reform society along the lines of reason?

A

Philosophes

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3
Q

The enlightenment view of society rested on?

A

Assumptions about the “natural state” of human beings

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4
Q

Describe the beliefs or ideas of Thomas Hobbes

A

Asserted that self interest motivated all human behavior
Royalist; advocate for absolutism
Humans are equal in that they can destroy each other

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5
Q

Leviathan (1651)

A

Hobbes
Govt requires absolute pwr which it acquired by entering into an unbreakable contract the sacred covenant with the people

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6
Q

When did enlightenment take place?

A

18th century

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7
Q

What were 4 major principles for philosophes?

A

Reason
Secularism
Equality
Progress

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8
Q

What are some beliefs of the philosophes?

A

All agree on liberalism
Try to apply ideas from scientific revolution to other things besides science
Believed there should be a gradual acceptance of these ideas

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9
Q

Describe the reason principle for philosophes?

A

Strong belief in trying to understand things
Exemplified that we needed reason for everything
Reason at the expense of emotion
World is inherently noble

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10
Q

Describe the secularism principle of the philosophes?

A

Not anti religious just believe that religious institutions should not intrude
Theology doesn’t deal with politics
Deism
-belief in afterlife based on merit -don’t believe in orig sin

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11
Q

Describe the equality principle of the philosophes?

A

Don’t advocate equality between the classes
Limited monarch/govt is the best
Don’t like idea of pure democracy(wut r u doin givin illiterate ppl rite 2 vote ughhh)

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12
Q

Describe the progress principle of the philosophes?

A

Progress is a byproduct of reason

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13
Q

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689-1690)

A

John Locke
Argued that human are born with a tabula rasa
Behavior of man can be improved through the envt
Contradicted traditional Christian notion that humans were born corrupt and sinful

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14
Q

Who were 2 major influences in the enlightenment?

A

Newton and Locke

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15
Q

Second Treatise

A

Locke
Theory of private property can be seen
To ensure productivity of man God established a natural right to property

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16
Q

According to John Locke how is private property created?

A

When one mixes a common resource with his individual labor

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17
Q

Wealth of Nations (1776)

A

Adam Smith
Invisible hand; supply & demand
Law of supply & demand are byproducts of human self interestedness
Advocated laissez faire economics

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18
Q

What is laissez faire economics?

A

Government should not interfere or alter the natural laws of an economy (such as trying to put a tax or tariff on foreign products)

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19
Q

The Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)

A

Mary Wollstonecraft

Argued that reason was the basis of moral behavior in all human beings men AND WOMEN

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20
Q

Royalists vs Parliamentarian

A

R- supported traditional power & privilege of aristocracy
P- sought to limit pwr and privilege of aristocracy & King

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21
Q

Who is an example of a royalist?

A

Hobbes

Govt had absolute power over ppl

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22
Q

Who is an example of a parliamentarian?

A

Locke
Pwr of govt came from consent of the ppl
-use was limited to protecting pols natural rights (right to property)

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23
Q

Crimes and Punishment (1764)

A

Cesare Beccaria
Carried Lockes line of thinking
Purpose of punishment = rehabilitate & reintegrate the individual into society

24
Q

Spirit of the Laws (1748)

A

Baron de Montesquieu (expanded on locke’s theory)
Stressed the importance of the rule of law
Outlined a system where govt was divided into branches in order to check and balance its power

25
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

Only legit role of govt = guarantee citizens unalienable rights to life liberty and pursuit of happiness

26
Q

What are physiocrats?

A

Believed that Land = wealth

And agriculture ^ that wealth

27
Q

What is enlightened despotism?

A

Powerful monarchs of Europe once educated in enlightenment ideals would use their power to reform and rationalize society

28
Q

Give some examples of enlightened despots

A

Fredrick II (the Great) of Prussia

Joseph II of Austria

Catherine II (the Great) of Russia

29
Q

What were some reforms that Fredrick II (the Great) of Prussia instituted?

A

Abolished serfdom

Instituted religious toleration

30
Q

What were some reforms that Joseph II of Austria instituted?

A

Legislated religious toleration for Lutherans and Calvinists
Abolished serfdom
Passed laws that liberalized rules governing the press

31
Q

What were some reforms that Catherine II (the great) of Russia instituted?

A

Read the philosophes

Befriended Voltaire and Diderot

32
Q

How did enlightened despotism actually turn out to be?

A

Use of certain enlightenment ideals to help monarchs modernize and reform certain govt and social institutions
Purpose = centralizing and strengthening their grasp on power

33
Q

Who were examples of physiocrats?

A

Francois Quesnay

Adam Smith

34
Q

What were salons during the enlightenment? Where did they flourish?

A

A place where both men and women gathered to educate themselves about and discuss the new ideas of the age in privacy and safety

35
Q

What did the term salon refer to before the enlightenment?

A

Room in aristocratic homes where family and guests gathered for leisure activities

36
Q

Through what did women make their most direct contribution to the enlightenment?

A

Through salons

37
Q

What was the Masonic Lodge?

A 
Fraternities of aristocratic and middle class men gathered to discuss alternative to traditional beliefs 
They were run along democratic principles
38
Q

Who are some influential masons of the 18th century?

A

Duke of Montagu (England)
Voltaire & Mozart (France)
Benjamin Franklin (America)

39
Q

What was the most prevalent form of religious belief among the philosophes?

A

Deism

40
Q

Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)

A

French religious skeptic Pierre Bayle

Argued that all dogma should be considered false if it contradicted conclusions based on clear and natural reasoning

41
Q

Why did David Hume reject Christianity?

A

Bc he argued that Christianity required a belief in miracles
And that the notion of miracles was contradicted by human reason

42
Q

Most famous skeptic of the enlightenment?

A

Voltaire

He raised satire to art form & used it to criticize those institutions that promoted intolerance and bigotry

43
Q

Letters Concerning the English Nation (1733)

A

Voltaire
Compared the constitutional monarchy, rationalism and toleration found in England to absolutism, superstition and bigotry of France

44
Q

Candide (1759)

A

Voltaire
champion of individual rights.
“I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it!”
leading advocate of Enlightened Despotism.

45
Q

Newtonian Approach

A

Analysis

The breakdown of complex things into simpler components

46
Q

Jean Jacques Rosseau

A

“Father of Romanticism”.
he differed from the other philosophes, esp. Locke:
rejected science and reason; go with your feelings

47
Q

The Social Contract (1762)

A

“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains”

Law is expression of The General will

48
Q

Cartesian approach

A

Intelligibility

Attempt to fashion intelligible explanations of natural phenomena

49
Q

What was the dominant art style of the enlightenment?

A

Rococo

50
Q

Examples of Rococo

A

Sanssouci for Fred the great
Antoine Watteau’s Music Party
The swing by Jean Honoré Fragonard

51
Q

Encyclopedia (1751-1772)

A

Denis Diderot & Jean le Rond d’Alembert
Goal = overturn barriers of superstition and bigotry
Contribute to progress of human knowledge

52
Q

Who twice banned the publication of the encyclopedia? Why?

A

Louis XV bc it was causing “irreparable damage to morality & religion”

53
Q

Emile (1762)

A

Rousseau

Humans were born essentially good and virtuous but they were easily corrupted by society

54
Q

What was utilitarianism?

A

Idea that laws created for the common good and not for special interests
The greatest good for the greatest number
Pleasure = good Pain = evil
Separation of church and state

55
Q

Who developed utilitarianism?

A

Jeremy Bentham

EURO YAT (14 decks)

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